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5TERN QUESTION 
ARMAGEDDON 



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THE CROSS ON WHICH THE^^^E-OF 
THE WORLD HAS BEEN CRUOlil 



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World's Crisis Library 



The World War 

The World's Crisis 

The Shadow of the Bottle 

His Glorious Appearing 

Our Paradise Home 

Armageddon 

The Vatican and the War 

The Other Side of Death 

Paper, each, 25 cents. 
Cloth, each, 50 cents. 



REVIEW AND HERALD PUBLISHING 
ASSOCIATION 

Takoma Park, Washington, D. C. 



The World War 

It? Relation to the Eastern Question 
and Armageddon 




ARTHUR G. DANIELLS, EVANGELIST 
A World-wide Traveler and Lecturer 



The World War 

Its Relation to the Eastern 
Question and Armageddon 




By ARTHUR G. DANIELLS 



The Review and Herald Publishing 'Association 

WASHINGTON, D. C. 
South Bend, Indiana New York City 



J1523 



CONTENTS 

The World War ------ 7 

The Cause and the Meaning - - - 19 

The Great Nations Speak for Themselves - 31 

The Eastern Question _ _ _ - 49 

The Fate of the Ottoman Empire - - 59 

Armageddon _-_--- 77 

The Present Outlook ----- 103 

A Kingdom of Righteousness - - - 115 



Copyrlcht; 1917 

Review and Herald Pub. Assn. 

Washington, D. C. 



^CI..A460101 

MAR 30 1917 
Tvi3 I ^ 




Photo, Am. Press Assn. 



The World on Fire 



FOREWORD 

THE story of the world war is familiar to all. Its daily-increasing 
horrors are heralded morning and evening with startling headlines 
in every newspaper in every country the world over. It would seem 
as if civilization were committing suicide — that all the forces of knowl- 
edge and power in this enlightened age had contributed to a carnival of 
self-destruction. 

It is plainly evident that an acute crisis in the affairs of the world 
has set in, and it is more and more clearly dawning upon the conscious- 
ness of men that this upheaval of the nations may be the prelude of "the 
war of the great day of God, the Almighty." 

A world-problem challenges attention, and many thoughtful men are 
searching for a solution. Says the Springfield Republican: — 

" Writers who can tell a stupefied world what this fearful portent 
means, who can throw light on the great fundamental problems of the 
race, and give some hint as to its destiny, will have an attentive and 
even anxious audience." 

In this hour of trouble unparalleled in human history, we turn to 
the Word of the living God — from the uncertainty of the times to the 
"sure word of prophecy." Now, as in all past crises, that Word is a light 
which all men may follow with confidence and hope. 

This book is the outgrowth of sincere convictions, and carries a mes- 
sage which entitles it to candid and thoughtful consideration. It is sin- 
cerely hoped that its perusal may lead many to a better understanding 
of the vital significance of this world war in its relation to the coming 
kingdom of peace. 

THE PUBLISHERS. 




Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

War's Toll has claimed their All 



THE WORLD WAR 

The most gigantic, devastating war recorded in the 
annals of the human race, suddenly broke upon the world 
in the summer of 1914. From the very first, several of 
the most powerful nations of earth were involved, and 
by the close of 1916 there had been swept into the cata- 
clysm sixteen nations, representing three fifths of the 
human family, and a like proportion of the land area of 
the world. The nations that have not been drawn into 
this titanic struggle have found it most difficult to keep 
out. It is not without good reason that this great conflict 
has been named " The World War." 

A Heavy Toll In Human Life 

The world is staggering under the terrific blows dealt 
in this great war. The reports of casualties covering 
only the first two years of unprecedented strife are 
paralyzing, — more than four million killed, nearly four- 

7 



The World War 9 

teen million wounded, and upwards of four million taken 
prisoners and missing, — a total of more than twenty- 
two million. And yet, notwithstanding these fearful 
losses, the third year of warfare was begun with twenty 
milhon or more men still under arms. These multiplied 



1 



Dates of Declarations of War 

Following is a list of all the formal declarations of war in the 
present conflict, with their dates ; also the dates of the more im- 
portant cases in which hostilities began without formal notice. 
Official announcements of a state of war, as in the case of Russia 
and Bulgaria, are treated as equivalent to formal declarations of 
war: — ■ 

1914 1915 

July 28. Austria v. Serbia. May 23. Italy v. Austria. 

Aug. 1. Germany v. Russia. June 3. San Marino v. Austria. 

Aug. 3. Germany v. France. Aug. 20. Italy v. Turkey. 

Aug. 4. Germany v. Belgium. Oct. 7. Russia v. Bulgaria. 

Aug. 4. France v. Germany.' J^'^^. 14. Bulgaria v. Serbia. 

Aug. 4. Great Britain v. Germany. °^*- Ya 2''^''* Britain v. Bulgaria. 

.,,... T3 • Oct. 16. Bulgaria v. Russia. 

Aug. 6. Austria v. Russia. Qct. 16. France v. Bulgaria. 

Aug. 7. Montenegro v. Austria. Oct. 18. Italy v. Bulgaria. 

Aug. 10. France v. Austria. Oct. 18. Montenegro v. Bulgaria. 
Aug. 10. Austria v. France. lOlG 

Aug. 12. Great Britain v. Austria. m n /-- -r. , . 

Aug. 12. Montenegro v. Germany. ^H' .l Sf^l^t^T "'' P""**"^^'- 

. „„ T /-. Mar. 10. Portugal v. Germany. 

Aug. 23. Japan v. Germany. Mar. 16. Austria v. Portugal.' 

Aug. 25. Austria v. Japan. Aug. 28. Italy v. Germany. 

Aug. 28. Austria v. Belgium. Aug. 28. Rumania v. Austria. 

Oct. 29. Turkey v. Russia.' Aug. 28. Germany v. Rumania. 

Nov. 2. Russia v. Turkey. Aug. 30. Rumania v. Bulgaria. - 

Nov. 5. Great Britain v. Turkey. Aug. 31. Turkey v. Rumania. 

Nov. 5. France v. Turkey. Sept. 1. Bulgaria v. Rumania. 
Nov. 7. Belgium v. Turkey. i Began hostilities without formal 

Nov. 7. Serbia v. Turkev. declaration. 
Nov. 10. Montenegro v. Turkey. - Ultimatum. 

— Current History, February, 1917, p. 891. 



millions, when called to the front, were in the vigor of 
manhood. They were the strength and flower of this 
generation. 

Never before in the history of the world have such 
vast armies been assembled on battle fields, never has 
warfare been so deadly, never has the toll in wounded 
and dead been so heavy. As Prince Lvoff, president of 
the All-Russian Zemstvo Union, says : — 



10 The World War 

"Millions of strong and noble lives have been swept away; 
energy has been wasted and forces have been destroyed which would 
have lasted for decades, perhaps for centuries, of peaceful, indus- 
trious life. Colossal natural resources have been consumed, precious 
treasures accumulated by human genius have been demolished, which 
would have subsisted many generations of humanity. And still there 
is no end. This merciless destruction has naturally furnished some 
foundation for calling this callous and monstrous war a ' war of 
exhaustion.' " i 

The war that began in iyi4 has fihed the world with 
more sorrowing relatives, fatherless children, and broken- 
hearted widows than any other war since the world began. 



Total Casualties for the First Two 
Years of the World War 

From Aug. 1, 1914, to July 31, 1916, as estimated by 
the Society for the Study of the Social Consequences 
of the War, of Copenhagen, Denmark (see Washing- 
ton, D. C, Post, Sept. 22, 1916). 

Country Killed Wounded Prisoners Total 

England 205,447 512,465 109,358 827.240 

France 870,000 2,704,000 400,000 3,974,000 

Germany 893, 211 3,163,334 245,000 4,301,545 

Austria 523,125 1,775,125 591,000 2,889,250 

Bulgaria 7,500 35,000 6,000 48,500 

Turkey 127,000 550,000 70,000 747.000 

Russia 1,360,000 4,720,000 2,420.000 8,500,000 

Italy 105.000 245,000 55,000 405.000 

Serbia 60,000 140 000 200 000 400,000 

Belgium 50,000 110,000 40,000 200,000 

Totals 4,201,283 13,954,924 4,136,358 22,292,535 



It would seem that the terrible destruction already 
wrought would so appall the rulers of the nations involved 
that they would find some way to bring this struggle to 
an end. But it does not. The combatants apparently grow 
more determined as the war lengthens. One writer de- 
clares that this war seems " like some infernal dream 
devised by the imps of hell sitting in an eternity of in- 
ventive council." Another says : " The rulers of nations 

^ Current History, May. 1916, p. 344. 



The World War 



11 



are stupid. It would seem that they were blinded by the 
gods. It is as if madness is upon them, a fatuity incur- 
able; a mania fatal, mali^ant, satanic." 

New Instruments of Destruction 

The editor of the Washington (D. C.) Times - de- 
clares : — 

" The world was horrified when it was first announced that 
asphyxiating gases were being used in the present war. It was ap- 




The Principal Battle Fronts, Jan. 1, 1917 

palled, and still is, at the revolution in naval fighting . . . brought 
with the submarine. The aircraft, dropping deadly missiles upon 
defenseless and undefended towns, brought another shock. The new 
British armored car is but one more steel-geared Frankenstein of 
war. It seems as if the resources and the ingenuity of modern science 
were never so zealous, so persistent, so coldly, calculatingly, fiend- 
ishly determined, as they have been in fabricating engines of de- 
struction." Yet " as we become accustomed to the reports of daily 
agonies of whole populations, sensibilities are benumbed; civiliza- 
tion pinches itself, wondering whether it is paralyzed. It has reason 
to fear." 

2 Sept. 17, 1916. 




Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

BRINGING IN THEIR WOUNDED CORPORAL 

12 



The World War 13 

The editor of the New York Sun - says : — 

" All the world has been stunned by the concussion of earth- 
shaking howitzers, dismayed by the rending asunder of the earth 
itself in the rage and with the dreadful engines of the new war — 
and the people have said: Nothing remains but brutality and horror; 
all the glamour and romance are crushed out of life in this hideous 
catastrophe. Joy is dead, hope is fled, nothing is left on earth but 
gloom and death." 



More Than Half the Population of the 
World at War 

ENTENTE 

British Empire 422,000,000 

France and colonies 94,000,000 

Russian Empire 171,000,000 

Italy and colonies 36,800 000 

Belgium and Congo 25,000,000 

Japan 67,000,000 

Portugal ._ 5,958,000 

Serbia 2,900,000 

Montenegro 516,000 

Rumania 7,000 OOP 

Total 830,174,000 

CENTRAL POWERS 

German Empire 78,000,000 

Austria-Hungary 49,500,000 

Turkey 31,580,000 

Bulgaria 4,500,000 

Total 163,580.000 

Population of nations at war 993,754,000 

World's population 1,721,426,000 



Professor Ferrero, the Italian historian, expresses 
the same thought in these words : — 

" The Europe in which we were born has in great part crumbled 
away since Aug. 1, 1914. Everything has been upheaved, suspended, 
overturned, destroyed." 

A Heavy Toll in Money 

Never before has the cost of war in money been so 
great. In round numbers the first two years' war cost 
the nations engaged in it fifty billion dollars, — an aver- 
age cost of about sixty-eight million dollars a day. And 

sjuly 10. 1916. 



14 The World War 

at the close of the first two years, the expense of main- 
taining the conflict had reached the astounding sum of 
one hundred milHon dollars a day, or about seventy thou- 
sand dollars a minute, night and day. 

The total expense for operating the government of 
the United States during 1915 was a little more than 
seven hundred million dollars — the amount required to 
finance this great war only one short week. These 
figures are truly appalling. 

Waste and Ruin 

The war that began in 1914 far exceeds, in magnitude 
and waste and ruin, any previous war of which we have 
any record. The statistics of all the great wars of the 
nineteenth century show that the casualties amounted 
to about ten million men, and the expenditure to a little 
more than twenty-five billion dollars. The total cost, in 
lives and dollars, of all the great wars of the previous 
century, aggregates scarcely more than half the cost of 
the World War during the first two years of its progress, 
from 1914 to 1916. 

But, as Mr. Hamilton Holt editor of the New York 
Independent, truly says : — 

" It is impossible to compute statistically the grief, misery, and 
want necessarily involved in these amazing totals. Hunger and suf- 
fering do not lend themselves to the processes of arithmetic. Blasted 
homes are not to be expressed in algebraic symbols, and stunted lives 
are not to be interpreted by mathematics." 

Nothing Like It Since the World Began 

It is becoming more evident, as time passes, that this 
world-struggle is a far more serious affair than was at 
first realized. Winston Spencer Churchill, former first 
Lord of the British Admiralty, writes : — 

" When Armageddon burst over Europe, probably no single brain 
achieved a complete and rightly proportioned view of the cataract 
of events. . . . 

" For nearly two years the armies of Europe have dwelt close 
together in opposing ditches, fed by lavish floods of human life and 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

AN IMPRESSIVE FUNERAL SERVICE 
For Belgian Officers and Soldiers, conducted immediately behind the Firing Line 

15 



16 



The World War 



broadening streams of shot and shell, tormenting each other by ever- 
growing and improving agencies of death; and behind them their 
countries have transformed the infinitely varied activities of modern 
civilization into the three comprehensive institutions of the barracks, 
the arsenal, and the hospital. . . . 




THE "FORBIDDEN ZONES" 
The Areas of Unrestricted Operation of Submarines since Feb. 1, 1917 



" Every man, every woman, every workable child, is gradually 
being fitted into the war machine. 

" A somber mood prevails in Britain," adds Mr. Churchill in clos- 
ing. " The faculty of wonder has been dulled; . . . death is familiar, 
and sorrow numb. The world is in twilight; and from beyond dim 
flickering horizons comes tirelessly the thudding of guns." * 
^ Current History, October, 1916, pp. Ill, 112. 



The World War 



17 



The editor of Life (Australia) observes : — 

" The great war grows in scale and significance as eacli day 
passes. It is plainly ' the war of all the centuries.' . . . The war will 
not only give the world a new map; it will give to civilized history a 
new date, and perhaps a new form." 

Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler says : — 

" The cataclysm is so awful that it is quite within the bounds of 
truth to say that on July 31 [1914] the curtain went down upon a 
world which will never be seen again." 




1,'l.t. l iidt'iuood (t Underwood, N. Y. 

Women responding to Red Cross call for Volunteers 

Prince Lvoff expresses the same thought : — 

" This war has separated the past from the present by a heavy 
curtain. Whenever and however it may come to an end, it is clear 
that we are through with the old order of things, and a new one will 
have to take its place," s 

In a recent address before the Rumanian Chamber 
of Deputies, Mr. Jonescu, leader of the National Demo- 
cratic party, said : — 

" We are faced by a catastrophe involving the whole of the hu- 
man race; we have before our eyes the declining twilight of one 
world, preceding the dawn of another and a new." o 

B Current History, May, 1916, p, 344. " Id., October, 1916, p. 64. 




The Cross en which the Peace of the World has been Crucified 



THE CAUSE AND THE MEANING 

As the months have rolled by and the horrors of the 
World War have been driven deeper into the hearts of 
multiplied millions, the questions have been repeated 
with increasing emphasis: What is the cause of this 
war? What are these nations fighting about so des- 
perately? What is the prize for which such heavy tell 
is being paid? What does it mean? and what will be 
the end of the struggle? 

Facing these pressing inquiries, the editor of the 
Springfield Republican says : — 

" Writers who can tell a stupefied world what this fearful portent 
means, who can throw light on the great fundamental problems of 
the race, and give some hint as to its destiny, will have an attentive 
and even anxious audience." 

This " fearful portent " must have both a cause and 
a meaning. A World War is not being fought without 
a cause. The rulers, the premiers, the secretaries of 

19 




Copyi-ight, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

EMPEROR WILLIAM OF GERMANY 
Latest photograph taken in his Field Uniform 

20 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

PRINCE VON BISMARCK 

" The Iron Chancellor " who conceived and executed the plan to build a 
United German Empire 



21 



22 The World War 

foreign affairs, the ambassadors, the great generals and 
admirals of these warring nations, know very well what 
is at stake in this great conflict. 

Furthermore, a World War must have a great mean- 
ing as well as a great cause. What this colossal struggle 
means to the world, how it will leave mankind when it 




Photos, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 



German Imperial Chancellor General von Hindenburg. 

von Bethmann-HoUweg Field Marshal of the German Forces 

is over, what will follow, — these are questions of supreme 
interest to the whole human race. And the meaning 
concerns us more vitally and seriously than does the 
cause. 

Unquestionably, this World War belongs to a series 
of epoch-making events which lead toward one great 
culminating event in the history and destiny of the hu- 
man race. Only a partial explanation of its meaning 
can be found in the field of international policies, treaties, 
commerce, and the like. Not until the realm of the super- 



The Cause and the Meaning 



23 



natural is entered, and the high purpose and controlling 
power of the Supreme Being are recognized, can there 
be found a full and satisfactory explanation of this great 
catastrophe that has overtaken us. 

The insistent demand for an explanation of what is 
felt to be the " greatest crime in all history," has led to 




Photos, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 



The German Crown Prince, who led 
his Forces against Verdun 



Capt. von Papen, former German 
Attache at Washington 



a most diligent study of the real cause, and to a clean- 
cut statement of the findings in this investigation. Mem- 
bers of cabinets, statesmen, and diplomats have taken 
the world into their confidence, revealing and explaining 
to them international policies, intrigues, and complica- 
tions that had previously been labeled " confidential " 
and " secret." Editors, historians, and veteran war cor- 
respondents have dug their way into the hidden ramifi- 
cations of international affairs, and have brought to the 
public the facts they have found. 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

MONARCHS WITHOUT A COUNTRY 
King Albert and Queen Elizabeth of Belgium 

24 



The Cause and the Meaning 25 

As a result of this thorough research and candid ex- 
planation, there is a far better understanding now of 
the cause of the war than there was when it broke upon 
the world so suddenly during the summer of 1914. And 
a remarkable unanimity of views regarding the cause 
has been reached. While it is clearly recognized that 
there are a number of secondary contributing causes, 
yet there is a general agreement that one primary out- 
standing cause looms above all the others. 

" A World Change " 

In an effort to trace the cause of this World War, 
L. T. Hobhouse, in ''The World in Conflict," says: — 

" It is not in reality one event tliat has changed the world. It 
is a world-change that has culminated in a great event." — Page 16. 

This is an important discrimination. The devas- 
tating war into which the world has been plunged is 
more than an event. It is the culmination of a " world- 
change " that has been effected by decades of interna- 
tional expansions, rivalries, and intrigues. 

These world-conditions clash at so many vital points 
that war is inevitable, unless some of these policies are 
abandoned. But abandonment would mean serious loss, 
and the possible elimination of some of the independent 
kingdoms. This, none are willing to risk. 

Fighting for a World Highway 

Writing from the war zone to the Christian Herald 

of May 31, 1916, Maynard Owen Williams gives some 

very direct statements regarding the primary cause of 

the war. He says : — 

" The war is being fought, not for a European capital, but for a 
ivorld highivay. . . . Russia is fighting for access to the Mediter- 
ranean. . . . England, through her fleet, the honeycombed heights of 
Gibraltar, and the sand ditch at Suez, will maintain control of the 
inland sea. . . . Germany is fighting to win a commercial triumph 
over the sea route to the East. . . . Turkey is on the shortest line 
between the population centers of the world. Germany is fighting for 
this trade route." 



26 



The World War 



Frederic C. Howe, author of "Why War?" presents 
a similar view. He says : — 

" When the story of the European war comes to be written by an 
impartial historian, its ultimate causes will be found far back of the 
murder of the Archduke Ferdinand in Bosnia, the alleged mobiliza- 




Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

The Departure of Count von Bernstorff and his Family from 
Washington for Germany 

tion of the armies of Russia, or the invasion of Belgium. . . . One 
of the hidden, unofficial explosives is the struggle for the Medi- 
terranean." 1 

In his volume, "Why War?" Mr. Howe shows that 
the Mediterranean has long since been the storm-center 
of Europe. The colonial policies of England, France, 
Germany, Italy, and Russia have, in the main, revolved 
about the control of the lands bordering about it. 

^ Scribnet-'s Magasine, May, 1916, p. 621. 



The Cause and the Meaning 27 

Access to, free passage through, or control of, the 
Mediterranean is the permanent objective behind the 
foreign policy of all the greater European powers. It 
is an objective, however, that lies at the very heart of 
the industrial and commercial life of Great Britain and 
Russia, that is bound up with all the ambitions of Ger- 
many, and that underlies the industrial and financial 




Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

The SS. " Frederick VIII " on which Count von Bernstorff and 
Party sailed Feb. 13, 1917 

aspirations of Italy and the Balkan States. For the 
Mediterranean is the greatest trade route in the world. 
It is the gateway from the Occident to the Orient. 

The shifting of the seat of war from the French and 
Russian frontiers is a shifting from assumed centers of 
conflict to the actirnl center of conflict, — a conflict which, 
under diplomatic conversations and conventions, has been 
going on for the greater part of twenty years. And 
it is a struggle almost as old as the world. 

' Constantinople, the Real Bone of Contention 

The situation outlined in these excerpts has led to the 
statement by many authorities, that the Near East is the 
" storm-center " of conflict. Prof. Roland G. Usher, of 
Washington University, St. Louis, says : — 



28 The World War 

" It should now be evident that there is much to be said for the 
view that the key to the present situation is Constantinople. We are 
dealing with a World War whose results are not expected to develop 
in Europe proper. The key to this situation lies in Constantinople, 
and the Turk holds it." 

This position is corroborated by many other writers, 
one of whom, Dr. H. H. Powers, says : — 

" Constantinople with its tributary straits is the most strategic 
site in the world. . . . When Napoleon and the Czar Alexander sat 
down at Tilsit to divide the world between them, Alexander is said 
to have plead with Napoleon: 'Give or take what you will, but give 
us Constantinople. For Constantinople my people are prepared to 
make any sacrifice.' Napoleon bent long ever the map, and then 
straightening up with sudden resolution replied: 'Constantinople? 
Never! That means the rule of the world.' Nothing has happened 
since to discredit this judgment. Merchant and strategist alike still 
rank Constantinople as the most valuable of territorial possessions. 
It is now, as it was a century ago, the center of the world's strategy, 
and as such it must be accounted the chief issue in the present World 
War. And this is not the first Vv^ar, nor will it be the last, to be waged 
for its possession." - 

Soon after the war began, one of Europe's oldest and 
most experienced diplomatists ventured to tell the world 
what this great conflict was about. Beginning with 
Austria's declaration of war on Serbia, he says : — 

" What is the vital, paramount importance of Serbia, that Aus- 
tria and Germany should have been willing to risk their very exist- 
ence as nations to conquer her? What is the extraordinary value 
of Serbia to Russia, that, at the mere threat of war, and before a 
shot had been fired, the czar's armies were summoned together as 
hurriedly as troops can be summoned together in Russia? These are 
the questions that should be asked if the problem of the outbreak of 
the war is to be properly understood. 

" The answer is this: Serbia, a small but powerful Slav country, 
is the only buffer state in the Balkans that bars the approach of 
Austria to the ^gean Sea. Salonika, the chief port to the northern 
side of the eastern Mediterranean, lies less than three hundred miles 
from Belgrade, the Serbian capital, which Is itself situated on the very 
borders of Austria-Hungary. Clearly, it is all to the advantage of 
any great power which has interests in the .i^gean, in the Balkans 
generally, or in Asia Minor, that Salonika should be in its possession, 
and that the way to Salonika should be at all times open without the 
shadow of a doubt. 

2 " The Things Men Fight For," pp. 76, 77. 



The Cause and the Meaning 29 

" Two great powers have vital interests in Asia Minor and the 
^gean. They are Russia on the one hand, and Germany plus Austria 
on the other. Up to 1908 the strength of Turkey rendered the two 
groups impotent; they could express vain wishes without taking 
steps to realize them. . . . 

" The long struggle between the Teutons and the Slavs for the 
possession of the Balkan Peninsula was to be fought out. Serbia's 
paramountcy meant that Russia would dictate the policy of the pen- 
irrsula; Serbia's decline would mean the end of Russian prestige 
in the peninsula, as well as the end of Serbia herself. That — the 
struggle for Asia Minor — is the sole reason why Europe has been 
plunged into war." 

The Thread of Fate Breaks 

In his valuable contribution to the literature relat- 
ing- to the World War, Prof. Charles Seymour, of Yale 
University, says : — 

" On the one side stood the Entente Powers, unalterably con- 
vinced that the development of the German world policy spelled their 
ultimate or their immediate ruin; on the other, Germany, equally 
determined in the belief that failure to win for herself a position in 
world affairs comparable to her influence in European matters, meant 
economic and national disaster. Between such opposite poles there 
could be no compromise. With each successive crisis the tension 
increased. Finally, in the summer of 1914, the strain suddenly 
exerted upon the thread of fate proved too severe, and it snapped." 3 

'"The Diplomatic Background of the War — 1S70-1914," Introduction, p. 4. 



1 


s 


. 




idB^^^B^^Bral^Hir l-fti ii 








s 


i' 


-...-J 



Boston Photo News Co. 

THE DEUTSCHLAND 
The first Merchant Submarine to cross the Atlantic 



.^n\ ■ 4i-*«*v, 




EMPEROR FRANCIS JOSEPH 
The ag-ed Ruler of Austria who declared war on Serbia, July 28, 1914 



30 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
The new Emperor of Austria 



Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
Dr. C. T. Dumba 



THE GREAT NATIONS SPEAK FOR THEM- 
SELVES 

It is evidently the conviction of the leaders of thought 
in Europe, that one of the fundamental causes under- 
lying the bitter political struggle for supremacy, is the 
desire to dominate the commercial and political inter- 
ests of the Near East, and thus to command a leading 
position among the nations in the trade markets of the 
world. This view is very clearly revealed in official 
statements made by representatives of the various na- 
tions at war, who have stated their cases for their 
respective countries. 

Austria-Hungary 

Dr. Dumba, while ambassador from Austria-Hun- 
gary to the United States of America, said : — 

" The war between Austria-Hungary and Russia may well be 
said to be the outcome of conflicting civilizations and conflicting 
aims. The controversy between the Dual Monarchy and the Ser- 

31 



32 



The World War 



bian Kingdom, is only an incident in the greater struggle between 
German civilization as represented by Austria-Hungary, and Russian 
aspirations as represented by Serbia, the Russian outpost on the 
southern frontier of the Dual Monarchy, . . . 

" The natural expansion of the Germanic empire of Austria 
toward the Near East began after the permanent expulsion of the 
Turkish hordes by the victories of Prince Eugene of Savoy. Parallel 




king Ferdinand of Bulgaria 



The Sultan of Turkey 



with the Austrian expansion southeastward went the Russian ad- 
vance toward the Black Sea. In an effort to avert a clash in this 
parallel but gradually concentering expansion, the Emperor Joseph 
and the Empress Catherine met late in the eighteenth century — 
1787 — in the Crimea, and reached an agreement for the dismem- 
berment of Turkey. 

" Under this project of monarchs the western part of the Otto- 
man Empire, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, now the bone of 
contention between Austria on the one hand and Russia and Serbia 
on the other, was apportioned to Austria. To Russia's share were 
allotted the regions now known as Rumania and Bulgaria. It was 
at this period that the Russian dream of the possession of Constan- 
tinople, first broached in a mythical will of Peter the Great, began to 
assume reality as a governing principle of Russian policy in south- 
eastern Europe," i 

1 " Why Austria Is at War with Russia," North American Review, Sep- 
tember, 1914. 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

KING PETER OF SERBIA 

.3 



33 



34 The World War 

Count Berchtold, Minister of Foreign Affairs for 
Austria-Hungary, says : — 

" Austria-Hungary looks upon this war as a purely defensive 
one, which has been forced on her by the agitation directed by Russia 
against her very existence. Russian statesmen wish to form an 
iron ring of enemies around Austria-Hungary and Germany, in order 
that Russia's grasp on Constantinople and on Asia should never 
again be meddled with. . . . Germany knows that Austria-Hun- 
gary's enemies are her enemies, and that the dismemberment of 
the Hapsburg monarchy would mean the isolation of the German 
Empire." 

Germany 

Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, special representative of 
Germany to the United States following the opening of 
the war, stated the case for Germany : — 

" Germany has been for about thirty-five years the associate of 
Turkey in developing Turkish territory, commerce, and industry. 
She has acquired the Oriental railway and built the Anatolian and 
Bagdad lines. She has established harbors and shipping companies, 
and engaged in mining and very extensive irrigation works. She 
must be left with a free hand to go on with this commercial develop- 
ment as far as she can arrange with the sovereign power of the 
Porte and without outside interference. This would mean a recog- 
nized sphere of influence from the Persian Gulf to the Dardanelles." 2 

General von Bernhardi says : — 

" Even if we succeed in guarding our possessions in the East 
and West, and in preserving the German nationality in its present 
form throughout the world, we shall not be able to maintain our 
present position, powerful as it is, in the great competition with 
the other powers, if we are contented to restrict ourselves in our 
present sphere of power, while the surrounding countries are busily 
extending their dominions. If we wish to compete further with them, 
a policy which our population and our civilization both entitle and 
compel us to adopt, we must not hold back in the hard struggle 
for the sovereignty of the world." 

Herr Friedrich Delitzsch, author of " The Moslem 
World," declares : — 

" It is to Germany's interest that Islam shall come victorious 
from the present struggle. For should it ever have come to pass 
that the European and Asiatic possessions of Turkey were to be 
divided by England, Russia, and France, nothing would prevent 
Germany from being reduced to the place of a secondary power. 

' New York Independent, Dec. 7, 1914. 



The Great Nations Speak for Themselves 35 

We know how England has strained every nerve to gain the Bag- 
dad Railway, and thus strike us at the heart where this precious 
jewel nestles close. 

" It has become our duty for more reasons than one to protect 
and aid Turkey in every possible way. This we must do by way 
of commercial and scientific leading. We must help in developing 
the soil, to extract the treasures from the ground, to build railways, 
to give physical and spiritual assistance to all Osmanic subjects, 
and to improve the status of woman. To outline and build from 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
King Constantine of Greece King Ferdinand of Rumania 

the ground up will be our chief aim. At present we can barely 
indicate the direction in which we would proceed, for we are still 
removed from the desired goal," 

Russia 

In explaining to the Russian Duma the dangers that 

threatened the empire, M. Sazonoff, while premier, 

said : — 

" The plans for the domination of Germany over the Turkish 
Empire comprised the formation of an enormous German-Mussul- 
man empire, extending from the Scheldt to the Persian Gulf. Such 
an empire, which appears in the dreams of Pan-Germanism as a 




Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

THE CZAR AND CZAREVITCH OF RUSSIA 
36 



The Great Nations Speak for Themselves 37 

new caliphate, to which by historic analogy the name ' Caliphate 
of Berlin ' would be adapted, is, according to them, to strike a 
mortal blow at the historic existence of Russia and Great Britain. 
It is a terrifying dream, but God is merciful." 

Professor Milyukoff, Liberal leader in the Duma, 
makes the following statement for Russia : — 

" We fully realize what is the plan of Germany, and for what 
she is carrying on this war. It is clear to everybody that in the 
case of victory Germany would create in Europe a central state, 
and T/ould capture or subjugate Turkey economically, and then 
politically. 'Berlin-Bagdad,' that is the German idea; and since 
it has been created, we have no other choice. The question now 
is not whether the strait shall become Russian or remain Turkish; 
the question is whether it shall become Russian or remain German. 

" We must make no mistake. The question which is now being 
decided will probably be decided forever, but there will scarcely 
ever be such favorable conditions as there are now. The chief of 
these conditions is the attitude of our allies toward our national 
problem. * Berlin-Bagdad ' is too real a danger, not only for us, 
but for Great Britain, with India and Egypt; and for France, with 
her prospects in Syria. On the basis of this real danger an agree- 
ment has become possible between powers which for centuries were 
suspicious of each other. 

"The end of March (O. S.) and the beginning of April (N. S.) 
in 1915 is a date which is well worthy of remembrance by large 
masses of the Russian people. This is the date when a definite agree- 
ment was reached between us and our allies." 3 

In February, 1915, while the Russian Duma was in 
session, M. Kovalevsky, a member of the Assembly, 
said in a speech : — 

" The experience of the past has shown that disinterestedness 
is a virtue which possesses little political value. The time has come 
for plain speaking. It seems best to declare at once the aims and 
objects for which Russia is waging this war. Our first aim must 
be to bring to a conclusion our century-old quarrel with Turkey 
regarding the possession of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. The 
whole of the southern part of Russia, the most densely populated, the 
most industrious, and the richest part of the country, cannot exist 
unless we control the Black Sea and can pass freely to and fro by 
way of the Narrows. The straits of Constantinople are at the same 
time the padlock and the key of our house. They must be in Rus- 
sian hands, together with the territory on both sides of the channel 
which controls and commands the waterway. All Russia's former 
quarrels with the Ottoman Empire have arisen about our access to 

^Current History, .Tune, 1916, p. 489. 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

KING VICTOR EMMANUEL HI OF ITALY 

38 



The Great Nations Speak for- Themselves 39 

the sea. Much blood has been shed for it, and much strength has 
been wasted. The time has come to bring tlie century-old struggle 
to an end, and to declare that any attempts made by others, who- 
ever they may be, to prevent our solving this historical problem in 
our favor, must be regarded by Russia as attempts upon her inter- 
ests and upon her national honor. The Russian nation must not 
be a loser in this war. The vast sacrifices which it has made must 
be rewarded." ■* 

Italy 

On the first of December, 1915, the Italian Minister 
for Foreign Affairs, Signer Sonnino, made in the Italian 
Chamber the following statement for Italy : — 

" Thus have we been persuaded of the necessity of making 
public and solemn affirmation of the solidarity existing between 
the Allies, by renewing, as it were, the agreement signed by France, 
England, and Russia on the fifth of September, 1914, and to which 
Japan subsequently adhered. Our formal adhesion has just been 
made in London. . . . 

" The political and economic independence of Serbia is one of 
the corner-stones of Italian policy in the Balkans. It responds to a 
vital necessity of the very existence of Italy as a Great Power. The 
political and economic subjection of Serbia by Austria-Hungary 
would be tantamount to a grave and constant peril for Italy. It 
would be the construction of an insuperable barrier to our economic 
expansion on the opposite shores of the Adriatic. . . . 

" The strategic defense of the Adriatic constitutes, indeed, one 
of the principal bases of our political action. It is for Italy a vital 
necessity, an absolute necessity of legitimate defense, to aim in 
the Adriatic at a balance of power which will compensate us for 
the unfavorable configuration of our eastern shore line." s 

Great Britain 

The editor of the London Saturday Review " states 

the situation from the British viewpoint. He says : — 

" The cause of the reversal of the British policy in the Near 
East, which has passed almost without comment here as on the 
Continent, is bound up with, but plainly lies far deeper than, the 
Austrian ultimatum to Belgrade. The threat to Serbia was a cul- 
mination of a steady German thrust toward the East. The main 
difficulty in the German path in the Near East, the little kingdom 
of Serbia, was to be got out of the way by Austria; and, that 'ne- 
cessity ' accomplished, Germany would have had the clear road 
which she desired to Turkey, where her ambitions have grown 
since the visit of William II to the late sultan with a grandiose 

* Fortnightly Review, April, 1915, p. 611. '^World's Work, May, 1916. 

« March 6, 1915, pp. 241, 242. 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

KING GEORGE V OF ENGLAND 
40 



The Great Nations Speak for Themselves 41 

project of financial, commercial, and ultimately political dominance 
on the Golden Horn, and eventually through Asia Minor. 

" The first had been completely attained, and Germany's abso- 
lute control of Constantinople has been demonstrated to the whole 
world. 

"The second had yet to be fulfilled; but it was on the road to 
fulfilment. The tortuous and intricate history of the Anatolian 
and Bagdad Railways during the last fifteen years is sufficient evi- 




Photos, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 
Sir Edward Grey- 



David Lloyd-George 



dence of the gradual penetration of German infiuence through Asia 
Minor. 

" The B. B. B. line — Berlin-Byzantium-Bagdad — was an instru- 
ment of German policy in which millions of German money had 
been invested, and in whose success the Deutsche Bank in particular 
was deeply involved — how deeply is still a matter of conjecture. 
This huge scheme, which had made considerable progress, had 
added enormously to the already great influence of Germany in 
Asia Minor. . . . 

" British opinion no longer has any misgiving concerning the 
approach of Russian influence toward Constantinople. Disraeli's 
policy was constructed before the first steps had been taken in 
Egypt. It was conservative, and the times are now revolutionary. 
Germany's action has revealed to us the menace of a Near East 



The Great Nations Speak for Themselves 43 

under Teuton rule, a menace which would have been far more for- 
midable than anything which the past generation of British states- 
men imagined from Russia, . . . 

" Since its foundation 'sixteen centuries ago, Constantinople, 
by position and natural destiny, has been one of the key cities of 
the earth. It has been many times attacked and twice conquered. 
Its second conquest, like its foundation, marked the end of an epoch 
and changed the history of the world. Its third conquest can do no 
less" (italics supplied). 

These National Viewpoints Summarized 

Thus it is clear that through territorial expansion, 
increase of populations, agricultural, manufacturing. 




Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

David Lloyifl-George of Eng-land in Conference with Premier Briand of France 

and commercial development, and international alliances, 
a world-change has been effected which presents many 
vitally conflicting interests. These clashing interests 
have finally culminated in the most serious clash of 
nations the world has ever seen. No satisfactory adjust- 
ment seems possible. Great Britain does not consent to 
surrender any of the great over-seas possessions of her 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

GENERAL JOFFRE 
The Idol of the French Army 
44 



The Great Nations Speak for Themselves 



45 



far-stretching empire. As long as she holds Egypt, 
India, and Australia, she must control the Mediterra- 
nean highway. She must continue to hold such strategic 
positions as Gibraltar, Suez, the Persian Gulf, and 
Singapore. To surrender these would be to invite the 
dismemberment of her empire. 

Russia's situation and policy seem equally vital to 
her existence. She has extended her conquests over 




Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

President Poincare and General Joffre on the Battle Line 

a vast area and many peoples. Today the land area 
of her empire is equal to one seventh of the land area 
of the world, while her population is about one eighth of 
the world's population. Her natural resources are very 
great, but she requires an adequate highway to the 
world's markets in order to reap full benefit from them. 
She has been struggling for that highway for centu- 
ries. It was to secure a road through the Baltic that 
Peter the Great moved the capital from Moscow to the 
Baltic marshes and began the building of Petrograd. 



46 The World War 

But Germany established her naval base in the Baltic 
between Petrograd and the ocean, thus placing an ef- 
fectual menace in Russia's road. 

Then Russian statesmen turned their eyes toward 
the Pacific. At great expense and toil and patience 
they built a steel road across the plains of Siberia to 
Vladivostok and Port Arthur. Here they were met by 
the Japanese, and cut off from the ocean highway. 

Again Russia turned to her natural highway, the 
Bosporus and the Dardanelles, which she had been en- 
deavoring to secure for more than a century. But here 
she found that Germany had all but succeeded in throw- 
ing a bridge across the Bosporus at Constantinople, 
which would effectually block her road through the 
Bosporus and the Dardanelles to the ^gean and on to 
the world's markets. Believing that the German road 
threatened her very existence, Russia decided to stake 
all in the endeavor to prevent its completion. 

This brings us to Germany's interests. She found 
herself an inclosed empire without what she considered 
suitable access to the markets of the world. Her only 
outlet was through the North Sea. But this was con- 
trolled by England. Thus she found herself in exactly 
the same position in which she had placed Russia in 
the Baltic. Eventually she turned eastward, and began 
a vast enterprise to secure possession of the Persian 
Gulf. If she could establish a highway from Berlin to 
the Persian Gulf, she would not only secure an open 
road to the world, but she would place herself in a 
position to completely dominate Russia, and seriously 
threaten England's vast empire at any time it might 
seem necessary to her own interests. She claimed that 
with England's highway already established, and 
Russia's about to be driven through from the Black 
Sea to the Mediterranean, her own existence was im- 
periled. It was for these reasons that she planned " to 



The GreM Nations Speak for Themselves 47 

mow a swath as wide as Germany itself across two 
continents, from the Baltic to the confines of India." ^ 

Austria's situation was similar to that of Russia and 
Germany. Her only outlet was down the Adriatic, the 
lower part of which was guarded by the forts and war- 
ships of Italy. For this reason Austria has always 
looked to the ^gean Sea as her only safe, adequate 
road to the oceans. With this in view her steady policy 
has been to hew out a clear path to Salonika. But the 
Turks and the Slavs of the Balkan Peninsula have al- 
ways stood in her way. This has been true of Serbia 
especially. 

Serbia, being supported by Russia, effectually blocked 
Austria in her drive to the ^gean, and also Germany 
in her drive to Constantinople and on to the Persian 
Gulf. It appeared to both Austria-Hungary and Ger- 
many that this ring drawn around their eastern and 
southeastern boundaries meant their ruin. For this 
reason they decided to break it at any cost. 

As for France and Italy, they both feared the re- 
sults of a Teutonic victory. Their position in the Medi- 
terranean was such that they felt safer under the para- 
mountcy of England and Russia, and therefore joined 
them against the Central Powers. 

These conditions are so vital to the very existence 
of these different powers, that they see no way of sur- 
rendering their ground. Yet the conditions clash so 
violently that it seems impossible to maintain their poli- 
cies without war. They have unsheathed their swords 
to reach a settlement. The price being paid is stag- 
gering. 

T Powers. " The Things Men Fight For," p. 230. 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

A Group of the Turkish Red Crescent (Red Cross) about their Evening Meal 



THE EASTERN QUESTION 

The evidence is abundant and conclusive that the 
storm-center of the World War which began in 1914, 
is the Near East. But this is not a new storm-center. 
It has been the center of stormy conflicts for centuries. 
The World War raging around this center is one more 
added to the many that have been fought by the Euro- 
pean powers over the long-standing dispute as to who 
shall possess Constantinople, the Bosporus, and the Dar- 
danelles. This dispute has been known during the past 
century as " The Eastern Question." 

Of this, one writer has said : — 

" In its strict and narrow sense, the Eastern Question is the 
question. What is to be done with the southeast of Europe and the 
contiguous portion of Asia? " " From the point of view of European 
politics, the Eastern Question has come to include the complications 
arising out of the possession by the Turks of the east of Europe 
and the possibility of Russian predominance in the ^gean Sea." i 

1 Daniel Seelye Gregory, " The Crime of Christendom," pp. 8, 9. 

4 49 



50 The World War 

Another writer makes a similar statement : — 

" During the last decade the international aspect of the East- 
ern Question has been the struggle of the forces of Pan-Slavism 
and Pan-Germanism." 2 

Thus it is evident that the present clash of nations 
in Europe is a continuation of the conflict growing out 
of the old, complicated, never-ending Eastern Question. 

The coveted control of the great natural highway 
— the Bosporus and the Dardanelles — connecting the 
Black Sea with the Mediterranean, seems about to slip 
from Turkey's grasp; and this fact makes acute the 
problem as to what power or powers shall henceforth 
control where Turkey has so long exercised absolute 
sway. The northern end of this waterway is called the 
Bosporus; the middle section, the Sea of Marmora; and 
the southern end, the Dardanelles. On the eastern side 
is Asia Minor; on the western, the Balkan Peninsula. 
Since 1453, when the Turks took Constantinople and 
made that historic city the capital of their empire, they 
have been in possession of this waterway linking the 
Black Sea with the Mediterranean, and thus have been 
able to exercise a dominant influence all out of pro- 
portion to their position among the nations of earth. 

Of the fierce struggle that has arisen over this ques- 
tion, the editor of the Washington Post ^ has said : — 

" As diplomatic and military activity increases in the neigh- 
borhood of Constantinople, the world's attention is directed more 
and more to the momentous events that are impending in that 
quarter. , . . Constantinople is the bone of contention between 
Christian and infidel, between Teuton and Slav. It is a stupendous 
drama that is being unrolled at the Golden Horn, — a modern scene 
of the most vivid nature, with a background crowded with mem- 
orable figures and historic events. Whatever the climax, the tu- 
multuous happenings of these current months stir the imagination 
cf the world, and will powerfully affect its future." 

- Charles Seymour, " The Diplomatic Background of the War," p. 197. 
8 Aug. IS, 1915. 



The Eastern Question 51 

The Struggle Foretold by Prophets 

It is interesting to note that this complicated problem 
with which statesmen have struggled for a century, and 
which in its latest form has been convulsing all Europe, 
was foretold in the writings of the prophets many cen- 
turies ago. 

Students of the Bible and of Bible commentaries are 
familiar with the prophecies which outline the rise, 
history, and downfall of many of the great nations of 
earth. The overthrow of Egypt, Assyria, and Babylonia 
was foretold by the prophets long before their down- 
fall. The place, power, and final destruction of the 
Medo-Persian, Grecian, Roman, and Turkish Empires, 
also, are definitely set forth in the prophetic outlines. 

The eleventh chapter of Daniel gives a wonderful 
forecast of the history of the world from the time of 
the Persian Empire, 538 B. c, to the downfall of all 
earthly kingdoms. The prophecy opens with Persian 
and Grecian conflicts, and closes with the overthrow 
and utter ruin of a power which many expositors claim 
represents Turkey. 

It is of the greatest importance that the world should 

know the meaning of the last specification in Daniel's 

prophecy referring to the Turkish Empire. It is as 

follows : — 

" He shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas in 
the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and none 
shall help him." Dan. 11: 45. 

The reason it is so important that the meaning of 
this event be understood when it is about to take place, 
is because it is the prelude to the coming of the Prince 
of Peace, the greatest of all events in the history of 
the world. 

By the words " at that time," the fall of the Otto- 
man Empire and the second coming of Christ are in- 



52 The World War 

separably connected. The first event is given as the 
herald of the second. When the first is taking place, 
the vv^orld is to know that the other is soon to follow. 

These two events unite the present and the future. 
The first relates to the kingdoms of this world; the 
second, to the kingdom of Christ. The first is the sig- 
nal for the close of the history of this world ; the second 
marks the establishment of the glorious, eternal king- 
dom of our Lord and Saviour. 

The second coming of Christ is an event of supreme 
interest and importance to all the world; and as the 
final overthrow of the Ottoman Empire is set forth in 
the Scriptures as a warning that the advent of Christ 
is about to take place, the destruction of the Turkish 
power becomes an event of marked significance. 

Starts with Persia 

The long chain of prophecy given in the eleventh 
chapter of Daniel, opens as follows : — 

" Now will I show thee the truth. Behold, there shall stand 
up yet three kings in Persia; and the fourth shall be far richer 
than they all: and by his strength through his riches he shall stir 
up all against the realm of Grecia." Dan. 11: 2. 

From this statement it is plain that Persia is the 
kingdom with which this prophecy starts. Persia was 
to " stir up all against the realm of Grecia," but was to 
meet in Grecia " a mighty king " who should " rule with 
great dominion, and do according to his will." Verse 3. 

This mighty king of Grecia, as all know, was Alex- 
ander the Great. Of him, and of the vast dominion 
over which he extended his conquests, the prophecy 
declared : — 

" When he shall stand up, his kingdom shall be broken, and 
shall be divided toward the four winds of heaven; and not to his 
posterity, nor according to his dominion which he ruled: for his 
kingdom shall be plucked up, even for others beside those." Verse 4. 




Copyright, Boston Photo News Co. 

THE OBELISK OF THEODOSIUS 
And the Famons Mosque of St. Sophia in Constantinople 



53 



54 The World War 

Note these specifications: (1) When he shall stand 
up, his kingdom shall be broken; (2) it shall be divided 
toward the four winds of heaven; (3) not to his pos- 
terity, but for others. 

These predictions are all clearly met in the history of 
Alexander's conquests, and in the division of his empire 
after his death. Note the following historical facts : — 

1. Immediately after his return to Babylon from his 
triumphant march through Asia as far east as India, 
Alexander died, while still young, and at the pinnacle of 
his glory and power. As he left no heir to the throne, 
his generals made his weak-minded half-brother Arrhi- 
dseus king. It was also arranged that if the expected 
child of Roxana, Alexander's wife, should be a son, 
he should succeed to the throne. Perdiccas, one of the 
generals, was appointed regent; and other leading gen- 
erals were appointed governors of various provinces and 
divisions of the empire. Roxana's child proved to be a 
son, but in a short time both mother and child were 
murdered. 

2. " With the death of Alexander's son, the empire 
of Alexander the Great became only a geographical con- 
ception. In fact, it was split into separate parts, and 
the central power, continually weakened since Alexan- 
der's death, had completely vanished. The generals now 
regarded the provinces, which had been originally as- 
signed to them by the higher power merely for admin- 
istration, as their own dominion. It was therefore only 
natural that after 306 B. C. they styled themselves 
* kings,' for kings they had been for years." * 

3. "The battle of Ipsus (301 B. c.) resulted in a 
permanent division of the vast empire founded by Alex- 
ander the Great, after twenty-two years of sanguinary 
wars among his generals, during which the whole of 

*"The World's History," Vol. Ill, p. 134. 



The Eastern Question 55 

Alexander's family and all his relatives perished. The 
triumphant Seleucus and Lysimachus divided the do- 
minion of Asia between them; Seleucus received the 
Euphrates Valley, north of Syria, Cappadocia, and part 
of Phrygia; while Lysimachus obtained the remainder 
of Asia Minor, in addition to Thrace, which extended 
along the western shores of the Euxine as far north as 
the mouth of the Danube. Ptolemy was allowed to hold 




Photo, Am. Press Assn. 

Croup of Armenian Women and Children Refugees in Caucasia 

Egypt, along with Palestine, Phcenicia, and Coele-Syria; 
while Cassander was allowed to reign in Macedonia and 
Greece until his death." ^ 

These brief historical statements record the fulfil- 
ment of every specification given in Dan. 11 : 4. Within 
two hundred and thirty-five years after this prophecy 

6 "Library of Universal History," Vol. Ill, p. 799. 



56 The World War 

was written, Persia had been overthrown by Grecia; 
Alexander, the " mighty king," had been broken by the 
hand of death, and his kingdom had been divided 
toward the four winds of heaven, "not to his posterity," 
but " for others." 

The King of the North, and the King of the South 

At this point, two of the four divisions, the east and 
the west, drop out of sight, while the other two, the 
north and the south, attain greater prominence. The 
situation in the year 281 b. c. exactly meets the state- 
ment of the prophecy. There were then but two divi- 
sions of the Grecian Empire. One was Egypt, in the 
south, a strong kingdom; the other was the kingdom 
of the Selucidse, in the north, a greater and stronger 
kingdom, stretching from Persia in the east to Mace- 
donia in the west. These are the two kingdoms desig- 
nated in verses 5-15 as " the king of the south " and 
" the king of the north." These two kingdoms, founded 
by Ptolemy and Seleucus, for more than one hundred 
years very clearly fill in the outline given in the ten 
verses that follow their introduction into the prophecy. 

There can be no difficulty in determining which is 
the kingdom of the south, and which is the kingdom of 
the north. The location of their territory makes this 
unmistakably plain. One is in the south, the other in 
the north. It matters not whether their boundaries re- 
main precisely the same at all times. Sometimes the 
kingdom of the south extended farther north into Pales- 
tine than at other times. Seleucus and his successors 
did not always retain all their territory at the extreme 
limits east and west. Syria and all of Asia Minor in 
the north remained intact, and continued to be the 
" king of the north " without a break, to the time when 
a new power is introduced by the prophecy, as noted in 
verse 16. 



The Eastern Question 57 

These plain facts of history as related to the proph- 
ecy, show us where to look for the king of the south 
and the king of the north. We are to look to the south- 
ern division of Alexander's empire for the king of 
the south, and to the northern division for the king 
of the north. It is not the particular king nor dynasty, 
but the particular locality, that constitutes one the king 
of the south and the other the king of the north. Kings 
may die, and dynasties may change; yet the locations 
remain, and whatever nation may be ruling in either 
of these divisions at any time is the king of that divi- 
sion, whether south or north. 

At the close of Dan. 11 : 15, the prophecy, having 
given the plainest information regarding the place, the 
order of development, and the history of the two king- 
doms of Ptolemy and Seleucus for nearly two centuries, 
now drops these kingdoms, while it traces the history of 
events that were to follow to the close of time. It fore- 
tells briefly the history of the Roman Empire, the great 
apostasy of the church during the Dark Ages, the Ref- 
ormation of the sixteenth century, and the French Rev- 
olution which occurred near the close of the eighteenth 
century. After passing over this long period of about 
two thousand years, the prophecy, in a very direct, posi- 
tive way, brings " the king of the south " and " the king 
of the north " back to the prominent place which they 
occupied in the early portion of the prophecy, showing 
the part they are to play in the closing acts of earth's 
drama. 




o 

S in 
O ^ 

fa :S 

o . 

^ S 




Pilot.). Lliidorwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

A Turkish Military Headquarters near Jerusalem 

THE FATE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 

In the closing part of the outline of the history of 
the world recorded by Daniel in the eleventh chapter of 
his prophecy, is foretold a bitter conflict between the 
king of the north and the king of the south, and another 
power that was to make war against them. The proph- 
ecy reads : — 

" At the time of the end shall the king of the south push at him: 
and the king of the north shall come against him." 

" The Time of the End " 

The expression, " the time of the end," is repeatedly 
used by the prophet to point out a definite period of 
time. There is good ground for believing that this 
period must date from the year 1798, the final limit of 
the period in which the Papacy exercised its supremacy. 
This prophetic period of twelve hundred and sixty years 
is to be reckoned from the issuance, in 533, of Justin- 
ian's decree recognizing the Pope as " the head of all 
the churches," and the events culminating in 538, when 
Vigilius " ascended the papal chair under the military 

59 



60 The World War 

protection of Belisarius," It would accordingly extend 
to 1798, when the Pope was taken prisoner, marking the 
close of that series of events which constituted the giv- 
ing of the deadly wound to the Papacy and the bring- 
ing to an end the allotted period of supremacy over the 
souls and bodies of men. 

At the beginning of " the time of the end " (1798, 
as determined by the events of history in fulfilment of 
the prophetic outlines) Egypt, the old kingdom of the 
south, was under the rule of the Mamelukes; while 

A. D. 538 A. D. 1798 
I The 1260 years j 

Syria, Asia Minor, Thrace, and Macedonia, constituting 
the original kingdom of the north, had been for cen- 
turies the Turkish Empire. 

Thus in 1798, if the exposition of the prophecy de- 
termining the beginning of " the time of the end " be 
correct, " the king of the south " and " the king of the 
north " will be found engaged in war with a third 
power, which in Daniel's prophecy is designated by the 
pronoun " him." The fact that just such a conflict as 
this prophecy foretells was begun in the year 1798, 
by Egypt and Turkey and France, leads clearly to the 
conclusion that France is the power referred to by 
the undeniable facts of history, which meet the speci- 
fications of this prophecy. 

In the year 1798 France began the conquest of 
Egypt and Turkey, thus precipitating a war attended 
by results most pathetic and terrible. Egypt resisted, 
— pushed at him, — but was conquered. Turkey's fate, 
however, was different. Turkey triumphed over the 
armies of France, and overflowed and passed over, just 
as the prophecy said would be done. The full history 
of the invasions, the resistances, the victories, and the 




Copyright. Underwood & Underwood. N. Y. 

A STREET SCENE IN MODERN JERUSALEM 



61 



62 The World War 

defeats of that war which began in 1798, meets every 
specification of the prophecy, and this is the only his- 
tory of nations that answers to these predictions. 

The French Invasion of Egypt and Turkey 

The following brief statements record the facts of 
the opening events : — 

" Bonaparte's expedition, consisting of forty thousand land 
troops and ten thousand seamen, sailed from Toulon for Egypt on 
the nineteenth of May, 1798." i 

" Bonaparte . . . landed safely at Marabout, in Egypt, July 1. 
The Mamelukes, who then ruled Egypt, were unprepared for defense. 
Alexandria was immediately taken [July 2] and occupied, and the 
march was then resumed for Cairo [July 6]. . . . 

" Ascending the Nile to the apex of the delta, Bonaparte learned 
that the Mamelukes under their beys, with Arabs and fellahs, amount- 
ing in all to thirty thousand men, were intrenched between Embabeh 
and Gizeh, in the plain of the Pyramids, opposite Cairo. . . . 

" In spite of the desperate valor displayed by the Mamelukes 
led by Murad Bey, the French gained a complete victory (July 21). 
This battle, called the Battle of the Pyramids, overthrew the gov- 
ernment of the Mamelukes, and opened Cairo to the French, who 
entered it the following day." - 

" The Porte [government of Turkey] solemnly declaimed war 
against France, Sept. 4, 1798, and coalesced with Russia and Eng- 
land. The sultan ordered the formation of an army for the con- 
quest of Egypt. This event rendered the situation of the French 
extremely critical." 3 

These statements show plainly that at the time of 
the end, in 1798, a war was begun in Egypt in which 
France, Turkey, and Egypt were severally engaged, each 
with a separate object in view. 

" ' In the year 1213 a. h.' (or 1798 of our era), says Adberrahman, 
' was the beginning of the wars, the calamities, the interruption of 
the ordinary course of events, in short, the general ruin.' " s 

Of this period another has written : — 

" It is at this position that historians open a new and important 
epoch of European annals. Practically the whole continent begins 

1 " Library of Universal H'story," Vol. VIII. p. 2637. 

2 Dryer and Hassell, " History of Modern Europe," Vol. V, chap. 60, pp. 
276, 277. 

* A. A. Paton, " History of the Egyptian Revolution," Vol. I, p. 98. 



The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 63 

to see in Constantinople a valuable acquisition. Here the greatest 
struggle of naval, military, and diplomatic powers during the ages 
began." 

The French Lay Siege to Saint Jean d'Acre 

As soon as the Turkish government at Constantino- 
ple had declared war on France, preparations were be- 
gun to meet Napoleon and his forces. An army was 
assembled at Damascus, to march southward to attack 
Napoleon on the borders of Egypt; while plans were 
laid for the gathering of another army of thirty thou- 
sand at Rhodes, to be transported by the fleet to Alex- 
andria. At the same time, Turkey formed naval al- 
hances with Russia and England, by which she secured 
the help of their ships. 

Learning of Turkey's declaration of war. Napoleon, 
with his accustomed promptness to act, began his march 
from Cairo to Constantinople. Everything along the 
route was taken by the French until they arrived at 
Saint Jean d'Acre. Here he met a stubborn resistance 
by the Turkish forces, who were assisted by the British 
ships under the command of Sir Sydney Smith. With 
a grim determination which only a Napoleon could mus- 
ter, the French laid siege to the town. The struggle 
was desperate and long. 

Saint Jean d'Acre " was the only fortress in Syria 
which could stop him," says a French historian. " Its 
subjugation would make him the undisputed master of 
Syria. . . . The garrison defended the town with a vigor 
which astonished our troops, who had not been accus- 
tomed to meet with strong resistance from the Turks, 
and the greater part of our soldiers who penetrated into 
the town were slain." ■* 

The French Forces Threatened by a Turkish Army 

" The Turks were not idle. By vast exertions they had roused 
the whole Mussulman population to march, in the name of the 
prophet, for the destruction of the ' Christian dogs.' An enormous 

* Lanfrey, " The History of Napoleon," Vol. I, chap. 11, p. 293. 




Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

ON THE SUEZ CANAL 
64 



The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 65 

army was marshaled, and was on its way for the relief of the 
beleaguered city. Damascus had furnished its thousands. The 
scattered remnants of the fierce Mamelukes, and the mounted 
Bedouins of the desert had congregated to rush, with resistless 
numbers, upon their bold antagonist. . . . 

" Napoleon had been engaged for ten days in an almost inces- 
sant assault upon the works of Acre when the approach of the great 
Turkish army was announced. It consisted of about thirty thou- 
sand troops, twelve thousand of whom were the fiercest and best- 
trained horsemen in the world. Napoleon had but eight thousand 
effective men with whom to encounter the well-trained army of 
Europeans and Turks within the walls of Acre, and the numerous 
host rushing to its rescue." s 

Kleber was sent forward with three thousand men 
to meet the Turkish army, which he encountered on the 
eastern border of the plain of Esdraelon. The Turks 
outnumbered Kleber's forces ten to one. 

" Twelve thousand horsemen, decorated with the most gorgeous 
trappings of military show, and mounted on the fleetest Arabian 
chargers, were prancing and curvetting in all directions. A loud 
and exultant shout of vengeance and joy, rising like the roar of 
the ocean, burst from the Turkish ranks as soon as they perceived 
their victims enter the plain. . . . The whole cavalcade of horse- 
men, with gleaming sabers and hideous yells, and like the sweep 
of the wind, came rushing down upon them. Every man in the 
French squares knew that his life depended upon his immobility, 
and each one stood, shoulder to shoulder with his comrades, like a 
rock. ... 

" At one o'clock, Napoleon, with three thousand men, arrived 
on the heights which overlooked the field of battle. . . . With that 
Instinctive judgment which enabled him, with the rapidity of light- 
ning, to adopt the most important decisions. Napoleon instantly 
took his resolution. He formed his little band into two squares, 
and advanced in such a manner as to compose, with the square of 
Kleber, a triangle, inclosing the Turks. Thus, with unparalleled 
audacity, with six thousand men he undertook to surround thirty 
thousand of as fierce and desperate soldiers as the world has ever 
seen. . . , 

" The Turks were assailed by a murderous fire instantaneously 
discharged from the three points of this triangle. Discouraged by 
the indomitable resolution with which they had been repulsed, and 
bewildered by the triple assault, they broke and fled. . . . 

" The victory was complete. The Turkish army was not merely 
conquered — it was destroyed. As that day's sun, veiled in smoke, 

■ ^ .John S. C. Abbott, "Tbe Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," Vol. I, chap. 12, 
p. 217. 



The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 67 

solemnly descended, like a ball of fire, behind the hills of Lebanon, 
the whole majestic array, assembled for the invasion of Egypt, and 
who had boasted that they were ' innumerable as the sands of the 
sea, or the stars of heaven,' had disappeared to be seen no more. 
The Turkish camp with four hundred camels and an immense booty, 
fell into the hands of the victors." e 

The victory of the French confirmed Napoleon and 
his generals in their assurance of victory, not only in 
the siege of Acre, but over the whole empire of Turkey. 
Although they had thus far made little headway in the 
siege. Napoleon was resolutely bent on taking the town. 

Pressing the Siege of Acre 

" No pen can describe the desperate conflicts and the scenes of 
carnage which ensued. Day after day, night after night, and week 
after week, the horrible slaughter, without intermission, continued." ^ 

" Column after column of the French advanced to the assault, 
but all were repulsed with dreadful slaughter. Every hour the 
strength of the enemy was increasing; every hour the forces of 
Napoleon were melting away before the awful storm sweeping from 
the battlements." s 

Failure and Retreat 

" Success was now hopeless. Sadly Napoleon made preparations 
to relinquish the enterprise." '■> While " the baggage, sick, and field 
artillery were silently defiling to the rear, the heavy cannon were 
buried in the sand, and on the twentieth of May, Napoleon, for the 
first time in his life, ordered a retreat." lo 

The victorious Turks pursued him, retaking southern 
Palestine, wresting from the French the whole of Egypt, 
and adding Libya and Ethiopia to their African posses- 
sions." 

How clearly Turkey's victories over the French, and 
her conquests in Egypt, Libya, and Ethiopia, meet the 
predictions of the prophet! Daniel had foretold that 
" the king of the north " would come against the invader 
" like a whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, 
and with many ships." Dan. 11 : 40. Wind and ivhirl- 

* John S. C. Abbott, " The Life of Napoleon Bonaparte," Vol. I, chap. 12, 
pp. 218-220. 

'Id., p. 220. 8 Id., chap. 13, p. 224. "Id., chap. 13, p. 224. 

^ Sir Archibald Alison. " History of Europe," Vol. Ill, chap. 25, p. 484. 
"See "Egypt in the Nineteenth Century," p. 114, by Cameron. 



68 



The World War 



wind, when used as symbols in prophecy, represent 
strife, war, bloodshed. Dan. 7:2; Jer. 25 : 31-33. In 
this conflict, Turkey was to make more than a frantic 
dash at her enemy. She was to plunge into war, — 
resolute, prolonged, bloody war. Turkey did this. She 
made everj^ preparation for well-sustained, destructive 




Photo, Unilt'i v\ 



" The Latest German Capture in Serbia " 



battle with her powerful enemy. The horrors of the 
different engagements may well be represented by a 
devastating whirlwind. 

Again Turkey was to come " with chariots, and with 
horsemen." Abbott says that there was formed at 
Damascus a Turkish army of " about thirty thousand 
troops, twelve thousand of whom were the fiercest and 
best-trained horsemen in the world." And he adds: 
" Twelve thousand horsemen, . . . mounted on the fleet- 
est Arabian chargers, . . . like the sweep of the wind, 



The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 



69 



came rushing down upon " the enemy. Turkey was 
also to come " with many ships." In addition to its 
own fleet, Turkey was supported by the combined fleets 
of Russia and England. 

In describing the great struggle between France and 
Turkey, the historians have used the exact words in 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

A Soldier's Bomb-proof Shelter 

which the prophet foretold the conflict. And the result 
of the engagement was just what was predicted. The 
king of the north was to " overflow and pass over." 
He was to be the victor. 

Napoleon and his hitherto invincible and always vic- 
torious forces had invaded Turkish territory with the 
fullest expectation of taking the empire. They had 
never known defeat; surely Turkey would go down as 



70 The World War 

Egypt, Italy, and other countries had fallen under their 
terrible onslaughts. 

But Turkey did not go down. The prophet had pre- 
dicted her triumph, and the prediction was fully met. 
The defeat of the French was a surprise to all Europe, 
and ever remained a mystery to Napoleon. Of this ex- 
perience, Lanf rey says : — 

" Many times during ttie deadly delays of this fatal siege, in 
which he experienced his first check, he was heard to inveigh against 
' this miserable little hole which came against him and his destiny.' 
And many times later, when dwelling on the vicissitudes of his past 
life, and the different chances which had been open to him, he re- 
peated ' that if Saint Jean d'Acre had fallen, he would have changed 
the face of the world, and been emperor of the East.' And he gen- 
erally added, that it was a grain of sand tJiat had undone all his 
projects." 12 

An Overruling Providence 

But it was more than the defeat at Acre that de- 
cided the issues of Napoleon's conflict with Turkey. 
The mighty hand of Providence was controlling affairs. 
The time had not come for the king of the north to 
come to his end, which would no doubt have been the 
result if the colossal designs of Napoleon had been car- 
ried out. This explains why everything in connection 
with the invasion of Turkey seemed to conspire against 
the invader. It explains the mystery of this strange 
defeat of the French. It was the fulfilment of the un- 
failing word of prophecy. 

" He shall enter also into the glorious land, . . . and the land 
of Egypt shall not escape. But he shall have power over the 
treasures of gold and of silver, and over all the precious things of 
Egypt: and the Libyans and the Ethiopians shall be at his steps." 
Dan. 11: 41-43. 

All this was fulfilled. The "glorious land," Pales- 
tine, was brought under more complete control of the 
Porte. Egypt was wrested from the French. Libya 
and Ethiopia, with their various dependencies, wers 

^ " The History of Napoleon," Vol. I, p. 296. 



The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 71 

conquered and annexed to Turkey as Egyptian prov- 
inces. And the " treasures ... of Egypt " passed al- 
most entirely into the hands of the Turkish rulers, 
Mehemet Ali, Turkey's governor of Egypt, effected a 
" revolutionary transfer of landed property in Egypt " 
by which he secured and destroyed nearly all the title 
deeds of the country, making himself " sole possessor of 
Egypt. . . . Not a clod of earth, not an ear of corn, 
not a piaster profit from sale of grain, belonged to any 
one but himself." ^^ 

Turkey's history in Palestine, Egypt, Libya, and 
Ethiopia, from 1798 to 1825, meets the predictions of 
the prophecy concerning her triumphs. 

The Dismemberment of Turkey Foretold In Prophecy 

But after foretelling these splendid victories for this 
power, the prophet predicts trouble, and reverses, and 
utter ruin. He says : — 

" But tidings out of the east and out of the north shall trouble 
him. ... He shall come to his end, and none shall help him." 
Dan. 11: 44, 45. 

Turkey had no sooner completed her conquests in 
the south (1825) than serious troubles arose in the 
north — troubles that have continued to this day. Rus- 
sia declared war on Turkey in 1827, and extended her 
invasion and conquests as far as Adrianople in the Bal- 
kan Peninsula, and Erzerum in Armenia. Turkey sued 
for peace, and signed the Treaty of Constantinople, 
losing heavily. Here began a perceptible disintegration 
and dismemberment of Turkey, which has gone steadily 
on until she has lost every foot of her possessions in 
Africa, and nearly all her territory in Europe. These 
losses have been so great that, as the North American 
Review says, — 

M Cameron, " Egypt In the Nineteeuth Century," pp. 83-87. 




Copyright, Underwouti & TTnilt-rwuoil, N. Y. 

BROTHER AGAINST BROTHER 

One of the Strange Vicissitudes of War in which a Soldier 
Captures his own Brother 



The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 73 

" There is no longer a Turkish Empire in Europe. A strip of 
country around Constantinople is still held by the sultan's troops; 
but all the other provinces of the Turkish Empire are in the hands 
of the Balkan confederation." 

The Death Knell of Turkey 

And now the Entente Allies have announced that one 
of their conditions of peace is the expulsion of the Turk 
from Europe. The decision was made when Turkey 
joined the Teutonic Powers in their conflict with the 
Allied Powers. It was then that Mr. Asquith, at that 
time premier of Great Britain, made the following 
declaration for the British Cabinet : — 

" It is not the Turkish people, it is the Turkish government, 
that has drawn the sword, and I do not hesitate to predict that 
that government will perish by the sword. It is they, and not we, 
who have rung the death knell of the Ottoman dominions, not only 
in Europe, but in Asia." 

Following this statement by the British premier, 
M. Sazonoff, then premier of Russia, in announcing cer- 
tain Russian victories over the Turks, said, — 

" The radiant future of Russia on the Black Sea is beginning to 
dawn near the walls of Constantinople." 

About the same time, Sir Edward Grey, who was 
then British foreign secretary, stated in the House of 
Commons that England was " in entire sympathy " with 
Russia's plans for the settlement of the " politico-eco- 
nomic problem bound up with her access to the sea." 
And he added, " What form their realization will take, 
will no doubt be settled in the terms of peace." 

The Program of Russia 

The plainly expressed policy of Russia was well 
understood by both the premier and the foreign secre- 
tary of Great Britain when they made their significant 
utterances. 



74 The World War 

Writing of these important political announcements 
made in the capitals of England and Russia, Mr. Joseph 
Edgar Chamberlin says : — 

" That the program of Russia and her allies will be carried out, 
and that Constantinople will become Russian, admits of little doubt. 
Sir Edward Grey did not name Constantinople in his remarks in 
the House of Commons expressing England's sympathy with Rus- 
sia's aspirations, but the Duma pronouncement to which he referred 
did name it, and his declaration has no other meaning. It is ar- 
ranged that Russia shall take the great city on the Bosporus." i* 

England's Policy Reversed 

Students of world-wide politics are amazed at the 
great changes now taking place. As Mr. Frank H. 
Simonds says : — 

" Thus in a single hour the Eastern Question changed its whole 
appearance. Thus England, at last, and unmistakably, however 
guarded the diplomatic phrase, renounced the policy of Beaconsfield, 
the policy which had provoked the Crimean War, and sent the 
British fleet to the Sea of Marmora to destroy the Treaty of San 
Stefano." is 

Mr. Chamberlin adds : — 

" This news points to a step in history which the world has 
awaited with a sort of chill of horror for two hundred years; which 
England and France together fought one great war to prevent; and 
to discourage which, England has been more than once on the 
brink of other wars. After laying down millions in treasure and 
many thousands of lives in the Crimean War in 1853-56, and after 
the immense and costly coups of Disraeli's statesmanship in 1878, 
it is now England herself who batters down the gates of Constan- 
tinople, in order that Russia may come in and possess it. Has 
there ever been so strange a right-about-face in the history of the 
nations? " is 

Now all this is serious for Turkey. It is the climax 
of the trouble she has been passing through since 1827, 
when Russia, her powerful enemy in the north, declared 
war upon her, pushed Russian victories almost to the 
walls of Constantinople, and compelled Turkey to sign 

^* Evening Mail, London, Feb. 26, 1015. 

" Review of Reviews, New York, April, 1915. 

^Evening Mail, London, Feb. 26, 1915. 



The Fate of the Ottoman Empire 75 

a humiliating treaty. This was the beginning of a series 
of Turkish reverses which has continued to the present 
time, and brought the empire to the brink of ruin. 

The trouble growing out of Turkey's reverses and 
disintegration is not confined to the Turkish nation. It 
has extended to other nations, until nearly all are 
involved. 

And there is nothing in sight that gives promise of 
relief. The roads of the European nations cross at Con- 
stantinople ; and on that cross, as one has said, " the 
peace of Europe was crucified." The sword had been 
drawn; and, judging from the avowed purpose of the 
nations, it looks as if it will never be sheathed until Con- 
stantinople, the Bosporus, and the Dardanelles pass from 
Turkey into the hands of some other great power or com- 
bination of powers. 

Will There Be Lasting Peace? 

But will that end the trouble, and establish lasting 
peace? How will peace be possible under the conditions 
that are sure to be created ? According to the claims of 
all the powers for a hundred years, the strong nation 
that possesses the strategic position of Constantinople 
will dictate terms to the rest of Europe, and that surely 
will not promote the peace of the world. It requires no 
stretch of the imagination to see great trouble ahead of 
the powers in their attempts to arrange terms of peace 
after the present war closes. 

Discussing the question of remapping Europe at the 
conclusion of the war, Mr. H. G. Wells says : — 

" To the redrawing of that map a thousand complex forces will 
come. There will be much attempted overreaching in the business, 
and much greed. Few will come to negotiations with simple inten- 
tions. In a wrangle, all sorts of ugly and stupid things may happen. 
. . . Europe will blunder into a new set of ugly complications, and 
prepare a still more colossal Armageddon than this that is now 
going on." 




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Armored Train used for Reconnoiterins 



ARMAGEDDON 

The word " Armageddon " is used by public speak- 
ers and writers the world over to describe and name the 
great World War that began in Europe in the summer 
of 1914. One editor remarks that although " we hear 
the word ' Armageddon ' used on all sides these days in 
connection with the European war, ... it is exceed- 
ingly probable that nine men out of ten do not know 
why it is employed to describe a great conflict or 
slaughter." 

Although the word is new to the masses, and its 
meaning is not very clear, yet to many it seems sug- 
gestive of something very serious, and an earnest desire 
is manifested everywhere to know its full significance. 

Those who use the word " Armageddon," either to 
describe or to name the great struggle now going on, 
evidently understand that it means a tremendous clash 
of the nations of earth — a World War. 

Note the following statement by the editor of the 
Washington Post: — 

77 




Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

A MODERN BATTLESHIP ON FIRE 

78 



Armageddon 



79 



" This coming retribution is tlie battle of Armageddon. All 
the world is moving to the conflict. War and justice joined issue 
when Cain slew his brother, and the quarrel is not yet composed, 
and perhaps the final adjudication will not come until Armageddon." 

To this editor, Armageddon means a great battle — 
all the world moving to the conflict — the ending of tlie 
quarrels of the human race. 




Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

Gunners of the " Emden," the famous German Raider 

The editor of the North American Review ^ says : — 

"Europe stands today at Armageddon. On every hand, its 
proud peoples are rising in their virile strength, and are rushing 
with earth-shaking tread to that frightful holocaust which may 
check our civilization — giants grappling to the death in a modern 
'twilight of the gods.' . . . The great conflagration has come at 
last, and today all Europe is wrapped in flames. . . . ' Europe in 
arms,' — the greatest tragedy in all recorded history. At the utter- 
most ends of the earth men prepare today for the fight." 

1 September, 1914. 



80 The World War 

Note the significance of these impressive statements, 
— peoples " rushing with earth-shaking tread " to a 
" frightful holocaust ; " " all Europe is wrapped in 
flames ; " " at the uttermost ends of the earth men pre- 
pare today for the fight; " "the greatest tragedy in all 
recorded history," — this great conflict, says the editor, 
is " Europe ... at Armageddon." 

Shortly after the present World War began, a writer 
in Collier's Weekly said : — 

" Now Armageddon has a real meaning. Now we have roar- 
ing in our ears the thunder of the cannons and the shouting of a 
continent in conflict. If this be not Armageddon, we shall never 
suffer that final death grip of the nations." 

Why This War Has Been Named Armageddon 

This is the first war in the history of the world that 
has so generally been named Armageddon. In the rec- 
ords of all the wars preceding the titanic struggle now 
going on, there is scarcely any use of this word. What 
is the significance of this? Why the general conviction 
that this war is Armageddon? 

The answer is very clearly given by Dr. Courtney, 
editor of the Fcrtnightly Review. In the September 
(1914) number he began a series of editorials entitled 
" Armageddon — and After." In the first article he 
said: — 

" In the clash of the two great European organizations, the 
Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente, toe have all those wild fea- 
tures of universal chaos lohich the writer of the Apocalypse saw with 
prophetic eye as ushering in the great day of the Lord, and paving 
the way for a new heaven and a neio earth. It is a colossal upheaval. 
But what sort of a new heaven and a neio earth is it likely to 
usher in? " 

This is a truly significant statement. In the use of 
the word " Armageddon " the writer borrows the main 
part of the title of his editorial from the apostle John, 
who wrote the book of Revelation. He then states in 
most impressive language that in this World War we 




Boston Photo News Co. 

BRITISH SUPERDREADNAUGHT "IRON DUKE" 

have a fulfilment of that prophecy which foretold Ar- 
mageddon. 

A Striking Similarity 

These statements from prominent writers in differ- 
ent parts of the world are not adduced as proof that 
this great devastating war is the Armageddon of the 
Scriptures. They are given to show that the feeling 
prevails that Armageddon is here, and to explain why 
6 81 



82 The World War 

this impression obtains. The points of similarity be- 
tween the prophecy regarding Armageddon and this 
gigantic struggle are so striking that it is easy to con- 
clude that this war is either Armageddon or its prelude. 
If it is not the real event, it would seem that it must 
be its immediate precursor. 

The Armageddon of the Bible is to be so great an 
event, so terrible in character, and so full of serious 
meaning to all the world, that it ought to be given the 
most earnest, painstaking study. This will require a 
careful investigation of Bible prophecies and of inter- 
national problems. 

The Scriptures the Source of Information Regarding Armageddon 

It is an interesting and significant fact that the Bible 
is the original source of information regarding the Ar- 
mageddon to which so many speakers and writers are 
now calling attention. The Encyclopedia Britannica 
says : — 

" From the application of the word ' Armageddon ' to the great 
battle at the end of time, comes the use of the phrase ' an Armaged- 
don ' to express any great slaughter or final conflict." " 

In the writings of the apostle John is given the first 
published statement in regard to Armageddon, as fol- 
lows : — 

" The sixth angel poured out his vial upon the great river 
Euphrates; and the water thereof was dried up, that the way of the 
kings of the East might be prepared." Rev. IG: 12. 

" And I saw coming out of the mouth of the dragon, and out 
of the mouth of the beat, and out of the mouth of the false 
prophet, three unclean spirits, as it were frogs: 

"For they are spirits of demons, working signs; which go 
forth unto the kings of the whole world, to gather them together 
unto the war of the great day of God, the Almighty. . . . 

" And they gathered them together into the place which is called 
in Hebrew Har-Magedcn." Rev. 16: 13-16, A. R. V. 

" Eleventh edition, article "Armageddon." 



Armageddon 83 

A Well-Defined Outline 

This prophecy presents the following clearly defined 
outline : — 

1. The drying up of the waters of the Euphrates, to 
prepare or clear the way for the gathering of the kings 
of the East. Verse 12. 

2. The deceptive working of demon spirits on the 
minds and hearts of all the kings and nations of the 
earth, inciting them to war and bloodshed. Verses 
13, 14. 

3. The gathering of the misled, war-maddened na- 
tions of the whole world to fight '' the battle of the great 
day of God, the Almighty." Verse 14. 

4. The place of this great battle — Armageddon, or 
the plain of Esdraelon, in Palestine. Verse 16. 

5. The time when all this is to take place; namely, 
when Christ, the Saviour and Deliverer, is about to 
come. Verse 15. 

Happily, the Scriptures furnish data for a clear, 
rational interpretation of the prophecy which presents 
this momentous program of events. 

The Drying Up of the River Euphrates 

The first specification in the prophetic outline is the 
following : — 

" The sixth angel poured out his vial upon the great river Eu- 
phrates; and the water thereof was dried up." Rev. 16: 12. 

The river Euphrates is mentioned many times in the 
Scriptures. It first appears in Gen. 2: 14, as one of the 
four rivers of the Garden of Eden. The Euphrates of to- 
day rises in the mountains of Armenia, and flows down 
the Mesopotamian valley to the Persian Gulf. On its 
banks once stood the great city of Babylon, " the beauty 
of the Chaldees' excellency." Isa. 13: 19. At present the 
Euphrates is a Turkish river, because the land through 
which it flows is Turkish territory. 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

A WOMAN WORKER IN AN ENGLISH SHELL FACTORY 

84 



Armageddon 85 

The prophecy foretells the drying up of the water 
of the Euphrates. This is not to be understood to mean 
the drying up of the literal water of the river. Water, 
when used in prophecy, stands for people. This is the 
interpretation given to John, as follows : " The waters 
which thou sawest . . . are peoples, and multitudes, and 
nations, and tongues." Rev. 17 : 15. The prophet Isaiah 
uses the term " waters " to symbolize the Assyrian hosts 
that came against the inhabitants of Palestine. " The 
waters of the river, strong and many, even the king of 
Assyria, and all his glory," the prophet declares, " shall 
come up over all his channels, and go over all his 
banks." Isa. 8 : 7. These scriptures establish the fact 
that water, whether rivers or seas, is used symbolically 
to represent peoples and nations. When so used, a 
river would naturally represent the people through 
whose land it flows. 

On this principle of interpretation, it is claimed that 
the river Euphrates, being a Turkish river, would at 
the present time represent Turkey. The language used, 
then, very appropriately describes- the drying up, shrink- 
ing, disintegrating process that Turkey has been under- 
going during the past century. The prediction will be 
fully met when Turkey comes " to his end," as expressed 
by the prophet Daniel in chapter 11, verse 45. 

This is the view of Guinness, who says : — 

" The drying up of the Euphrates . . . has long been understood 
to refer to the wasting away of the Turkish power." 

Deceived and Maddened by Demons 

" I saw . . . spirits of demons, working signs ; which 
go forth unto the kings of the whole world, to gather 
them together unto the war." Rev. 16 : 13, 14, A. R. V. 

The war of Armageddon will have in it and back 
of it more than men. It will have men deceived and 
maddened by satanic agencies. It is not here claimed 



86 The World War 

that the war now devastating Europe and staggering 
the whole world is the entire fulfilment of the predic- 
tion of that deceptive work of demons by which rulers 
and people will be blinded and crazed, and led into 
wanton, devastating war. But if ever warring nations 
seemed to be under the control of satanic powers, get- 
ting ready for Armageddon, it is at this time. 




Boston Photo News Co. 

Belgian Girls working in a German Coal Yard 

Before this clash of nations began, the British For- 
eign Secretary said in the House of Commons : " It is 
really as if, in the atmosphere of the world, there were 
some mischievous influence at work which troubles and 
excites every part of it." Then came this war, which 
the editor of the North American Revieiv calls " the 
greatest tragedy in all recorded history." 

Prof. Edgar Lucien Larkin, in charge of the Lick 
Astronomical Observatory on the summit of Mt, Ham- 



Armageddon 



87 



ilton, California, makes the following startling state- 
ment : — 

" The mind of the human race is now in a dangerous state. 
How do I linow this? — By reading my simply amazing letters re- 
ceived daily from so many parts of the world, and by conversing 
with travelers here from nearly every nation on the planet. Human 
thought is in an abnormal paranoiac condition. A paranoiac is liable 
to become violent at any moment. So is the human race, now as 




Boston Photo News Co. 

A School for Female Street Car Conductors in Germany 



I write. I would not have the reader see the letters received here; 
I burn them. They reveal an awful state of mentation. But I am in 
correspondence with scientific researchers in mind in many parts 
of the world. They write me of unusual mental states. Some fear- 
ful influence is agitating the lower faculties of the mind of man. 
My books have elicited thousands of replies, and I am alarmed over 
the thoughts therein. I assert and state and send forth from this 
mountain summit this day, Feb. 21, 1916, that the mind of the 
human race is in a dreadful condition." 3 

Under the title, " War Madness," the editor of the 
Springfield Republican says : — 

^ San Francisco Examiner, Feb. 25, 1916. 



Armageddon 89 

" Is war a craze which periodically sweeps over people? . . . 
It certainly seems so. Such popular fury for fighting as appears to 
pervade Europe just now has the aspect of demoniacal possession." 

Principal L. P. Jacks, dean of Manchester College, 
Oxford, and editor of the Hibbert Journal, declares : — 

" In the two years during which the war has been in progress 
a number of men, women, and children, roughly equal to the total 
population of London, have been killed. Perhaps five times as many 
have been wounded, making with the killed a total not far short 
of the population of Great Britain. What it has cost in material 
wealth to accomplish this result would be hard to say; probably 
$75,000,000,000 is well within the mark. . . . 

" We are in the presence of something essentially irrational. 
Reason is said to be the prerogative of man. The war — not the 
word, not the idea, but the thing in its concrete horror — is a 
strange comment on the prerogative. 

" Suppose we were to cut the war out as a single chapter in the 
history of man's doings on this planet, and set ourselves to deduce 
from this chapter a theory as to the nature of the beings who did 
these things. . . . Should we not come to the conclusion that man 
is thoroughly and hopelessly insane? Should we not warn the 
angels against having anything to do with a race of lunatics so 
dangerous? 

"We have come to this, — that about three hundred million hu- 
man beings on this side and two hundred million on that are now 
engaged in trying to inflict upon each other the greatest possible 
amount of death, mutilation, and material loss, and have so far 
succeeded as to kill or wound forty millions and to destroy $75,000,- 
000,000 worth of wealth at the very least. As a test case of what 
man is, and what he is capable of, we shall look in vain for any 
single episode or revealing action that will tell a more eloquent 
tale about man — that is, if we are to judge him by what he does 
rather than by what he says, as surely we ought to do. We could 
not hesitate as to the conclusion to be drawn from such premise3. 
To conclude that human nature is brutal, or wicked, or selfish, or 
cruel, would not be enough. Human nature, we should have to say, 
is plainly mad. Insanity, and not reason, is the prerogative of 
man. . . . 

" A proposal has been made to insure perpetual peace by a new 
piece of machinery — a federation of all the states controlled by a 
World Parliament. It is a proposal which leaves me cold. . . . 

" The federation of the world would be a cockpit of civil war. 
Before any such form of internationalism can be successfully at- 
tempted, a preliminary step must be a complete change of nature 
in each of the combining states." •* 

* Quoted in Current History, October, 191G, pp. 113-115. 



90 



The World War 



The statements of these editors and scholars regard- 
ing the present situation are true to the facts, and rep- 
resent the opinions of many men of keen vision and 
great opportunities for observation. 

The Whole World to be Involved 

In the war of Armageddon the whole world will be 
represented and involved, for with prophetic eye John 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

A German Paper Factory used for a huge Army Bakery 

saw demon spirits going " forth unto the kings of the 
whole world, to gather them together unto the war." 

Fifty years ago it would hardly have been passible 
to suggest international complications that would drag 
the whole world into the vortex of war. But the na- 
tions have been making history, and today it is not 
difficult to outline a tangle that would involve every 
nation in the world. In fact, the tangle is well in sight, 
and it is now very difficult to see how the causes of the 
present great war can possibly be prevented from even- 



Armageddon 



91 



tually leading the whole world into the battle of Ar- 
mageddon. 

Where the Battle of Armageddon Will be Fought 

" They gathered them together into the place which 
is called in Hebrew Har-Magedon." Rev. 16 : 16, A. R. V. 

From this reading it is evident that Armageddon is 
a place — the place where " the battle of that great day 




Boston Photo News Co. 

A German Trooper Buying Bread from a Wayside Bakery in Poland 

of God " is to be fought. That battle may be called 
the " Battle of Armageddon," the same as Napoleon's 
battle with the Mamelukes near the pyramids of Egypt 
is called the " Battle of the Pyramids." Nelson's naval 
battle with the French at the mouth of the Nile has 
come down in history as the " Battle of the Nile." 

The storm center of the last great clash of the na- 
tions, the place where the decisive battle of the last 



92 



The World War 



world-struggle is to be fought, will be Armageddon. 

Of this place the Encyclopedia Americana says: — 

"Armageddon, the great battle field where occurred the chief 
conflicts between the Israelites and their enemies. The name was 
applied to the table-land of Esdraelon in Galilee and Samaria, in 
the center of which stood the town of Megiddo, on the site of the 
modern Lejjun." 

Armageddon Also Named Esdraelon 

From this statement it appears that the place called 
Armageddon was also called Esdraelon. 




Boston Photo News Co. 

Dinner Time for French Prisoners in Germany 

" This name is given to the great plain of central Palestine, 
which extends from the Mediterranean to the Jordan, separating 
the mountain ranges of Carmel and Samaria from those of Galilee. 
... It is the ancient plain of Megiddo, the Armageddon of Reve- 
lation 16: 16." 5 

By a glance at the map of Palestine it will be easy 
to locate this plain called Armageddon and Esdraelon. 
Starting at the base of Mt. Carmel on the Mediterra- 
nean Sea, its southern line runs in a southeasterly di- 
rection along the Samaria ranges to Mt. Ebal near the 

'' Abbott, " Dictionary of Religions Knowledge." 



Armageddon 93 

Jordan. Here the plain turns to the northeast as far 
as Mt. Tabor, not far from the Sea of Galilee. From 
that point the northern boundary extends westward to 
the plain of Acre on the Mediterranean Sea. The most 
southern point of this plain is about forty miles north 
of Jerusalem. 

Although the apostle John is the only Bible writer 
who uses the word " Armageddon " in foretelling world- 
struggles, he is not the only prophet who foretells the 
great war of Armageddon. His prophecy agrees with 
the prophecies given by other inspired writers centu- 
ries before his time. The prophet Daniel, in foretelling 
the clash that will take place among the nations at the 
time of Turkey's downfall, describes this as " a time of 
trouble, such as never was since there was a nation." '^ 

From Constantinople to Jerusalem 

In his prophetic outline of the nations, Daniel fore- 
tells the transfer of the Turkish capital from Constan- 
tinople to Jerusalem. Of Turkey he says : — 

" He shall plant the tabernacles of his palace between the seas 
in the glorious holy mountain; yet he shall come to his end, and 
none shall help him." 

Two things are here foretold of the Turk : First, he 
shall establish his palace in the " glorious holy moun- 
tain;" second, he shall then "come to his end." 

The palace, it is fair to assume, stands for the dwell- 
ing place of the sovereign — the capital. " The glorious 
holy mountain " to which this capital is to be removed, 
is Mt. Zion, where Jerusalem stands. This is made 
plain by Daniel, who says : — 

" Lord, according to all Thy righteousness, I beseech Thee, 
let Thine anger and Thy fury be turned away from Thy city Jeru- 
salem, Thy holy mountain." Dan. 9:16. 

The prophet Zechariah corroborates this statement: 

8 See Dan. 11:40-45; 12: 1. 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

HOW " TOMMY ATKINS " TAKES HIS DINNER IN THE TRENCHES 

94 



Armageddon 



95 



"Thus saith the Lord: I am returned unto Zion, and will dwell 
in the midst of Jerusalem: and Jerusalem shall be called a city of 
truth; and the mountain of the Lord of hosts the holy mountain." 
Zeeh. 8: 3. 

Thus is plainly foretold the transfer of Turkey's 
capital from Constantinople to Jeiusalem. Everything 



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German Trench Building 



in sight at this time indicates that the Turk must soon 
leave Constantinople. Turkey's victories in Egypt from 
1798 to 1825 were among her last. From that time 
until the present, Turkey has been going to pieces. She 
has lost all her possessions in Africa, and all in Europe 
save a small portion of the Balkan Peninsula surround- 
ing Constantinople. And now this small fraction seems 
destined to be wrested from her. As the editor of the 
Los Angeles Times says : — 

" The day of the Turk in Europe is practically at an end. . . . 
Constantinople, a position of wonderful advantage, must fall into 
•new hands, and all are wide open to catch the prize." 



96 The World War 

A Drying-up Process ' 

Describing' the gradual decay of Turkey, Lord Bryce 

says : — 

" The high-water mark of Turkish conquest had been reached 
when Vienna was saved by the Polish Iting, John Sobieslti, in a. d. 
1683. Ever since then the recession of the water has been unin- 
terrupted. . . . 

" One by one its European provinces have been stripped away. 
Hungary was lost, and then in succession Transylvania and Bes- 
sarabia, and the two Danubian principalities which now constitute 
the Rumanian kingdom, and Greece, and Serbia, and Bosnia, and 
Thessaly, and Eastern Rumelia, and Crete. . . . 

" It would, indeed, have before now been torn to pieces by 
revolt or absorbed by rapacious neighbors had not the mutual jeal- 
ousies of the European states interposed a check. . . . 

" If, during the last hundred years, the Turkish Empire had 
stood alone and unbefriended, as the east Roman Empire had stood 
alone in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, it would before 
now have perished from the earth. The process of decay goes 
steadily on for the most obvious of all reasons. . . . 

" The conditions are such that, even if by some amazing chance 
such a man as Solyman the Magnificent or Akbar the Great were 
to come to the throne, there is little probability that the process of 
decline could be arrested. It advances with the steady march of a 
law of nature. Every European statesman knows this. Every 
thinking man in Turkey itself knows it. That hopefulness must 
be blind indeed which does not recognize that the problem now is 
not how to keep the Turkish Empire permanently in being, but how 
to minimize the shock of its fall and what to substitute for it." 

A Tragic Event 

The tragic character of what is now taking place in 
Turkey is expressed by Albert Bushnell Hart, professor 
of history in Harvard University, as follows : — 

" Tragic as are the obsequies of a soldier, how much more 
tragic are the obsequies of a nation, the last ceremonies over a 
proud empire which for half a millennium has caused its people 
to rejoice and its enemies to tremble. 

" That is what the world is witnessing now. The sick man of 
Turkey is dying at last. The government offices are open; Con- 
stantinople is there; twenty millions of Turkish subjects still live; 
hundreds of thousands of men are called soldiers, and a score of 
vessels name themselves a navy. Nevertheless Turkey is seeing its 
last days. It may live weeks, months, perhaps a few years; but 
the end is in sight; the country is dying." 



Armageddon 97 

And this is precisely what the prophets foretold. 
Daniel said : " He shall come to his end, and none shall 
help him." Dan. 11:45. John said this nation would 
be " dried up." And both of these prophets declared 
that its end would be accompanied by the greatest trou- 
ble the world had ever known. Said Daniel, " There 
shall be a time of trouble, such as never was since there 
was a nation even to that same time." Dan. 12: 1. 
John declared that when the Turkish Empire should be 
" dried up," the way would " be prepared " — made 
ready — for the nations to gather at Armageddon for 
" the war of the great day of God, the Almighty." See 
Rev. 16 : 13-16. 

These predictions, written many centuries ago, are 
now in process of rapid fulfilment. Though the great 
Armageddon is not yet being fought, nor has that awful 
" time of trouble " gripped the world, these events are 
approaching with alarming rapidity. The generation 
now living is watching the fulfilment as it is told almost 
hourly in the daily papers. How serious are these great 
events! How full of meaning to the world! 

Joel's Prophecy of War 

The prophet Joel foresaw this time and the tremen- 
dously serious events now occurring. He saw the mani- 
festation of the war spirit and the anger of the nations. 
He heard the universal proclamation of war. He saw 
such colossal preparations for war that it appeared as 
if the nations were turning their implements of agri- 
culture into instruments of warfare and destruction. 
He saw the nations — awakened, aroused, maddened — 
gathering in the land of Palestine for battle. And there 
he saw their overthrow and utter destruction. His 
prophecy should be read with the greatest care by all 
the world j ust now. Here is his graphic description : — 
7 



Armageddon 



99 



"Proclaim ye this among the Gentiles: Prepare war, wake 
up the mighty men, let all the men of war draw near; let them 
come up: beat your plowshares into swords, and your pruning 
hooks into spears: let the weak say, I am strong. Assemble your- 
selves, and come, all ye heathen, and gather yourselves together 
round about: thither cause thy mighty ones to come down, O Lord. 
Let the heathen be wakened, and come up to the valley of Jehosha- 
phat: for there will I sit to judge all the heathen round about. 
Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe: come, get you down; 




" Prepare war, 



beat your plowshares into swords " 



for the press is full, the fats overflow; for their wickedness is great. 
Multitudes, multitudes in the valley of decision: for the day of 
the Lord is near in the valley of decision." Joel 3: 9-14. 

All Pointed to the Same Events 

That Daniel, Joel, and John were all foretelling' the 
same great events, seems evident. They all located 
them at the same time in the v^orld's history; namely, 
at its close. Daniel said they would take place at the 
time when Michael, the Prince of Peace, should arise 
and take the government upon His shoulders. Dan. 
12 : 1. Joel said they would be when " the day of the 
Lord is near." John said they would occur when Christ 
should declare, " Behold, I come." Rev. 16 : 15. 



100 The Woiid War 

Furthermore, these prophets all predicted a war that 
would bring upon the world " a time of trouble, such 
as never was since there was a nation, even to that 
same time." 

These prophets all pointed to the same source for 
deliverance; namely, to the world's Redeemer, the Son 
of the Most High. He, they all united in declaring, 
will be " the hope of His people." Joel 3 : 16. 

Why should it be thought incredible that the great 
war of today may be the beginning of the end — the 
prelude of a war that will end in the extermination of 
all the nations of the earth? 

World's History Outlined in Prophecy 

Centuries ago, the prophecies of the Bible foretold 
the overthrow of the great world kingdoms that have 
been established in the earth. Standing in the presence 
of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, the prophet Dan- 
iel traced the rise and fall of one kingdom after an- 
other down to the close of time, when the Prince of 
Peace will establish His universal and everlasting king- 
dom on the earth. 

To Nebuchadnezzar, who represented the kingdom 
over which he ruled, Daniel said : — 

" After thee shall arise another kingdom inferior to thee, and 
another third kingdom of brass, which shall bear rule over all the 
earth. And the fourth kingdom shall be strong as iron. . . . The 
[this] kingdom shall be divided " into a number of kingdoms. 
" They shall not cleave one to another. . . . And in the days of 
these kings [kingdoms] shall the God of heaven set up a king- 
dom, which shall never be destroyed: and the kingdom shall not 
be left to other people, but it shall break in pieces and consume all 
these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever." Dan. 2: 39-44. 

Stormy Conflicts Foretold 

This is a very brief but truly accurate forecast of 
the succession of the great kingdoms that have come and 
gone since Babylon flourished. In subsequent prophe- 
cies, Daniel foretold the stormy conflicts that would 



Armageddon 101 

sweep these kingdoms away one after another^ The 
history that fulfils these prophecies is full of interest 
and importance, even though it be the history of dev- 
astating wars. 

Now the prophecies that foretell the war of Arma- 
geddon, predict a universal war, a war of all the nations, 
a war that will sweep away all the kingdoms of the 
world. These prophecies are just as clear and definite 
and positive as are those which foretell the overthrow 
of single kingdoms that have gone down in ruin during 
the past centuries. They give the cause, the place, and 
the results of the war of Armageddon. 

Armageddon Closes the World's History 

The prophecies are very plain and definite regard- 
ing the time of the Armageddon conflict. John tells us 
it is " the battle of that great day of God." When it 
is about to break, the Saviour says, " Behold, I come." 
When it is over, there will be heard " a great voice out 
of the temple of heaven," saying, " It is done." Rev. 
16 : 15, 17. The angel Gabriel said to Daniel : " At that 
time shall Michael [Christ] stand up, the great Prince 
which standeth for the children of thy people: . . . and 
at that time thy people shall be delivered, every one 
that shall be found written in the book." Dan. 12: 1. 
The prophet Joel says it will come when " the day of 
the Lord is near," and that then " the Lord will be the 
hope of His people." Joel 3: 14, 16. 

Language could not be clearer. Armageddon will 
be a last-day event. It will come at the close of the 
sad, tragic history of this world. 

Armageddon is to be the last cruel, devastating war 
of the human race. The nations will then do what they 
now declare to be their purpose, " fight this controversy 
out to a finish." That was the outlook given by the 
prophets, and it is the situation as it exists today. 

^ See Daniel 7. 




Photo, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

A 12-INCH SKODA SIEGE GUN OF THE GERMAN ARMY 

102 




Copyright, Undeivvood & Underwood, N. Y. 

Latest Type of Armored Motor Car 

THE PRESENT OUTLOOK 

The achievements of this age have increased the op- 
portunities of the human race beyond the wildest imag- 
ination of men in former generations. These oppor- 
tunities are placed alike v^^ithin the grasp of single 
individuals, of combinations of individuals, and of na- 
tions. 

There are single men today who wield greater power 
than a whole nation did a few centuries ago. And this 
power is multiplied as men center their interests and 
endeavors in commercial, political, and national organi- 
zations. 

Realizing the value and the advantages of these in- 
creased opportunities, nations have become possessed of 
boundless ambitions to extend their boundaries, their 
commerce, and their power. It is these ambitions, so 
possible of realization, that multiply the probabilities 
and dangers of international competition, and strife, 
and war. 

103 



104 The World War 

As ocean traffic has developed, the great nations 
have been in sharp, determined competition to establish 
themselves in advantageous and strategic positions in 
all parts of the world. To this end they have built 
navies and merchant fleets, they have secured extensive 
colonial possessions, and developed far-reaching com- 
mercial enterprises. 

A Race for Advantages 

But with all this extension of boundary lines, in- 
crease of population, and growth of commerce, no nation 
seems to be satisfied. Russia's determination to gain 
greater advantages by securing free, safe, permanent 
access to the oceans, through the Bosporus and the Dar- 
danelles, has always been loaked upon by the other na- 
tions as a great menace to their interests and welfare. 
On the other hand, the nations claim that Germany's 
determination to establish a route, under German con- 
trol, from the North Sea to the Persian Gulf, imperils 
their very existence. 

Surveying the whole field, it is difficult to see any- 
thing ahead but war as long as the nations have power 
to fight. The victory of the Allies would wreck the 
Teutonic policy of expansion and commercial suprem- 
acy. It would hold Germany in England's grip in the 
North Sea. It would continue the possibility of France's 
recovering Alsace and Lorraine. It would give Russia 
the waterway from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. 
It would fortify England in the Mediterranean, at the 
Suez Canal, and in her overseas possessions. And it 
would strengthen France and Italy. All this would cut 
off Germany's road to the Persian Gulf, and Austria's 
route to the ^gean Sea. This would give Russia a 
dominant position in the Balkan Peninsula, which the 
Teutonic Powers believe would threaten their existence. 

On the other hand, the triumph of the Teutonic 
Powers would reverse all this. It would add to Ger- 



The Present Outlook 105 

many's territory, commerce, power, and security. It 
would make Germany's influence supreme in Constanti- 
nople, and German trade and industry dominant in 
Syria, Arabia, and the valley of the Euphrates. It 
would establish Austria-Hungary's control over the 
northern part of the Balkan Peninsula, and give her a 
naval base at Salonika, on the ^gean, — a position 
which she has long sought. It would also give her a 
dominant position in the Adriatic. 

This issue was clearly understood before the war be- 
gan. Each side knew full well what defeat would mean, 
and all parties went into the struggle to fight to the 
death for victory. With such tremendous interests at 
stake, and in such violent conflict, what are the proba- 
bilities before us? Do they presage peace, or war? 

A Dark Outlook 

With the horrors of the great war growing more 
terrible at each new turn of affairs, alarm regarding 
the future is deepening. So far, the developments of 
the conflict have disappointed everybody. Things have 
not gone as was expected. The situation seems to be- 
come more complicated and puzzling. The hope of a set- 
tlement of the differences, and of general, permanent 
peace, is growing smaller as the struggle continues. 
Some of the men of largest vision are openly predicting 
that this war will not bring peace. It may cease for a 
time; but after a lull, a storm greater in its sweep and 
more devastating in its effects is likely to burst upon the 
world. 

In a careful and extended review of conditions now 
existing, Prof. Edward Alsworth Ross, head of the de- 
partment of sociology in the University of Wisconsin, 
states his conclusion as follows : — 

" A cool, relentless analysis of the situation discloses little 
ground for hopeful anticipation. On the contrary, the prospect is 



The Present Outlook 107 

one of the blackest humanity has ever faced. Such is tho appalling 
outlook if we continue on the national line." 

Conflict Not Ended by Expulsion of Turkey 

The taking of Constantinople will not end the con- 
flict. The waterway from the Black Sea to the Medi- 
terranean must go with Constantinople. And it would 
seem that the territory along this waterway must go 
with it. That would involve a struggle for the eastern 
part of the Balkan Peninsula, and at least the western 
part of Asia Minor. Thus the Turk would be forced 
back into Syria and Palestine, into the very region 
where the prophet saw him established, — " the glorious 
holy mountain," Jerusalem. 

But the prophet saw beyond the establishment of the 
Turkish capital at Jerusalem. He saw and foretold the 
overthrow, the utter ruin, of the government of Turkey 
after it had planted its capital in Jerusalem. From 
the conditions that have developed in recent times, and 
from the complex and wholly unsolved problem of the 
disposal of Asiatic Turkey, it is easy to see how quickly 
there could arise fiery complications regarding the di- 
vision of Asiatic Turkey and the possession of the city 
of Jerusalem, that would lead to another devastating 
war, which would blot the Turkish government out of 
existence. 

This danger is clearly foreseen by close students of 
conditions in the Near East. Referring to the recent 
agreement of the Allies, that if they are victorious, 
Russia shall have Constantinople and the Dardanelles, 
J. Ellis Barker says : — 

" While we may rejoice that the ever-threatening problem of 
Constantinople has at last been eliminated, it is possible that an- 
other may arise in its place. The question of Asiatic Turkey may 
convulse the world in a series of devastating wars unless it be 
solved together with the other great questions which will come 
up for settlement at the Peace Congress. 

" Innumerable great and small problems will have to be con- 
sidered at the Peace. Not only the map of Europe, but that of the 



108 The World War 

world, will have to be redrawn. The coming settlement will be 
greater, and may be far more diflBcult, than that made at Vienna a 
hundred years ago. , . . 

" The question of Asiatic Turkey is undoubtedly a far more 
difficult question than that of Constantinople. . . . The impor- 
tance and value of Asiatic Turkey . . . can scarcely be over- 
exaggerated, for it occupies undoubtedly the most important stra- 
tegical position in the world. It forms the nucleus and center of 
the Old World. It separates, and at the same time connects, Eu- 
rope, Asia, and Africa, three continents which are inhabited by ap- 
proximately nine tenths of the human race. . . . 

" A powerful Asiatic Turkey can obviously dominate not only 
the Bosporus, the Dardanelles, and the Suez Canal, but the very 
narrow entrance of the Red Sea near Aden, and that of the Persian 
Gulf near Muscat as well. It must not be forgotten that only a 
comparatively short distance, a stretch of country under the nom- 
inal rule of weak and decadent Persia, separates Asiatic Turkey from 
the Indian frontier. It is clear that Asiatic Turkey, lying in the 
center of the Old World, is at the same time a natural fortress of 
the greatest defensive strength and an ideal base for a surprise 
attack upon southern Russia, Constantinople, the M^ean Islands, 
Greece, the Suez Canal, Egypt, Persia, Afghanistan, and India." 

Mr. Baker quotes Prof. Dr. A. Sprenger, former di- 
rector of the Mohammedan College of Calcutta, who 
wrote in his book, " Babylonia, the Richest Land of 
Antiquity, and the Most Valuable Field of Colonization 
at the Present Time," published in 1886 : — 

" ' The Orient is the only territory of the earth which has not 
yet been seized by the expanding nations. It is the most valuable 
field of colonization. If Germany does not miss its opportunity, and 
seizes it before the Cossacks have put their hands upon it, the 
whole German nation will gain by the colonization of the East. As 
soon as several hundred thousand German soldier-colonists are at 
work in that glorious country, the German emperor can control 
the fate of Western Asia and the peace of all Asia.' . . . 

" It seems necessary for the peace of the world," Mr. Barker 
comments in conclusion, " that Asiatic Turkey in its entiret.^ should 
be neutralized . . . under the auspices of a strong but non-military 
and unaggressive State. . . . ^f the powers should not be able to 
agree, ... it would become necessary to divide Asiatic Turkey 
into zones of influence. . . . However, it seems very doubtful whether 
the partition of Asiatic Turkey would prove a final one. It is much 
to be feared that it would lead to a disaster perhaps as great as 
the present war." i 

' The 'S'inetecnih Cenliiri! and After, June, 1916. 



The Present Outlook 



109 



Thus it appears that the more carefully we study the 
situation in the Near East, the more clearly it is seen 
that the storm-center of the world-conflicts is to be 
Asiatic Turkey. For a hundred years Constantinople 
has been the storm-center of European powers. That 
city is about to pass from Turkey into other hands, and 




Copyright, Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. 

Plowing Trenches in France 

as soon as the transfer is made, the storm-center, it 
seems evident, will move to Asiatic Turkey. 

Future Possession of Jerusalem 

From the first days of the fiery Crusades to the 
present hour the possession of Jerusalem has been a 
question of contention among the nations and religious 
bodies of both Europe and Asia. Elements of danger 
still lurk in this contention. 

It is significant that already, on the eve of Turkey's 
expulsion from Constantinople, claims to the future pos- 



110 



The World War 



session of Jerusalem are being set up. Herr A. Kirch- 
enheim, in the Deutsche Revue, under the significant 
question, "Who is to have Jerusalem?" says: — 

" The solution of this question is an important part of the 
so-called Eastern Question. Constantinople, of course, is the brilliant 
on the possession of which everything will turn — from the military. 




Photo, u I 



a, M. Y. 

Krupp Aerial Gun 



the political, and the economic side the most important; Jerusalem 
is the other precious stone for the possession of which men fought 
in the times of the Crusades, and which again some seventy years 
ago became the cause of feuds and war. The question of the future 
of Jerusalem and of Palestine may not be exactly a burning one, 
but it is certainly one which the politician will have to consider 
very soon, . . . From the German standpoint, the powers could not 
now do anything better or wiser than give Germany the preference 
in Jerusalem. The question is, Will the powers consider Germany 
the most suitable country to take over the administration of this 
part of Asia Minor? " - 

"Quoted in Review of licviews, Marcli, 1914. 



The Present Outlook 111 

It is certainly true that the solution of the question 
as to who is to have Jerusalem, is an important part 
of the Eastern Question. While Constantinople is the 
great " brilliant " in the Near East, Jerusalem is the 
other " precious stone " coveted by all. The question of 
the future of Jerusalem and Palestine, as Mr. Kirchen- 
heim says, " may not be exactly a burning one, but it 
is certainly one which the politician will have to con- 
sider very soon." He then asserts Germany's claim, and 
asks if the powers will " consider Germany the most 
suitable country to take over the administration of this 
part of Asia Minor." The war now devastating Europe 
is an expression of the refusal of the powers to allow 
Germany to take over the administration of either Con- 
stantinople or any part of Asia Minor. 

Unholy War in Palestine 

Already men have the conviction that the present 
World War is going to be carried into Palestine and 
finished there. " That millions are concerned about what 
is to become of Palestine and Jerusalem," observes the 
editor of Current Opinion,^ " is more than evident from 
the many discussions of this theme found in leading 
periodicals." 

Prof. L. Schneller, a resident of Jerusalem, tells us 
that — 

" Jerusalem has now become a great military center. The 
town and the public highways are crowded with soldiers and their 
equipment. . . . The citadel of the city, with its two mighty towers 
dating back to the times of King Herod, is the scene of great things. 
Not since the days of the Crusader have such things been wit- 
nessed in this sacred territory. The government has by compul- 
sory purchase secured from the French owners the railroads of 
the land, especially that from Joppa to Jerusalem. The Holy Land 
has again become what it was in the days of the great world powers 
of antiquity, — Babylon, Assyria, and Egypt, — the military and 
commercial gateway between Asia and Africa." ^ 

8 June, 191G. ■'Idem. 



112 The World War 

The editor of the Sun declares : — 

" As the war develops, we may look for early news of clashes 
in Bible lands. At best the Latins and Greeks are normally in a 
state of armed truce there. Even the fear of the Moslem does not 
drive them together. In Constantinople, Jerusalem, Beirut, Alex- 
andria, and elsewhere in the region of the Mediterranean, each of 
these faiths has a section of the city to itself. Religion means more 
politically than It does spiritually to the people of the Balkans and 
of the lands which were the scene of Bible history. 

" One of the likeliest effects of the war will be the realization 
by certain powers of their dreams for possession of Palestine. 
Russia is thirsty for the warm waters of the Mediterranean, and 
Austria has long been resolute to possess a seaport on the ^gean 
Sea. 

" These contending and intricate international aspirations are 
likely to brush aside the sultan's throne, and to result in the division 
of the Turkish Empire. Land and oil fields down in the storied 
region of the Garden of Eden are coveted by both Germany and 
Britain; and we may hear strange news from the Persian Gulf ere 
peace pacts are signed." ^ 

Under the title, "Will the War End in Palestine?" 
Mr. Maynard Owen Williams makes the following sig- 
nificant statements : — 

" The present war is bringing into new prominence a land that 
has been the battlefield of history. Once again the attention of the 
world is being turned to the land of Syria. The battle fields of 
antiquity may be the battle fields of tomorrow. Geography has laid 
its impress on the land, and history repeats itself along geographical 
lines. . . . 

" Another battle may drench Esdraelon in blood. Jerusalem, 
formerly sheltered by its aloofness from the plains, now holds a 
prominent place in the thoughts of the governments whose mag- 
nificent hospices have almost hidden the little city which lies on 
the direct line of the advance toward Egypt. Unholy war threat- 
ens to bring sorrow and suffering once more to the land of Cal- 
vary. . . . 

" Thus it will be seen that it is by no means an improbable 
thing that tiny Judea, the birthplace of Christ, may be stirred by 
the rumble of troop trains, and even quiet Bethlehem may feel the 
ominous throb of a land stirred by the throes of war. The Holy 
Land may be the turning-point. 

" The citizens of Nazareth may gaze down upon the great battle 
field of the centuries, and see there the final confiict." 

^ New York Evening Sun, Aug. 8, 1914. 



The Preseyit Outlook 113 

Misguided by Demons 

The apostle John saw the nations deceived, mis- 
guided, inflamed, and crazed by demon spirits. He saw 
these nations locked in deadly combat that ended in the 
extermination of the race. Then he heard the voice of 
God saying, " It is done." Then there came '' a great 
earthquake, such as was not since men were upon the 
earth, so mighty an earthquake, and so great. . . . And 
every island fled away, and the mountains were not 
found." Rev. 16 : 18-20. 

This account agrees with all the others of the Bible 
which tell of the end of all things earthly. It is the 
same as that given by Joel, in which he tells of the 
universal proclamation of war, the beating of the im- 
plements of agriculture into instruments of destruction; 
of the aroused, awakened heathen nations gathering in 
great multitudes about the valley of Jehoshaphat in 
Palestine. Then he adds : — 

" Put ye in the sickle, for the harvest is ripe. . . . The Lord also 
shall roar out of Zion, and utter his voice from Jerusalem; and 
the heavens and the earth shall shake: but the Lord will be the hope 
of his people." Joel 3: 13-16. 

These seers must surely have had a view of the same 
great world-conflict and the same terrible consequences. 
They saw the warring nations hushed in death, and the 
bloody strife forever past. 

Thus the real Armageddon, the Armageddon of the 
Bible, is a most serious affair. It is under satanic lead- 
ership. It is backed by boundless ambition for con- 
quest, and insatiable thirst for power. It comes at the 
close of human history, setting at naught the highest 
ideals of both civilization and Christianity. 

Armageddon is the last act in the drama of human 
history. It ends with the extermination of the human 
race, except those who have before found refuge in God, 
and it leaves the world in utter ruin. 




MOSES VIEWING THE PROMISED LAND 



114 




King of Kings and Lord of Lords " 



A KINGDOM OF RIGHTEOUSNESS 



When the great war of Armageddon closes, the cur- 
tain will go down on a world that will never reappear. 
That war will close an age — an age of conflict between 
the forces of good and of evil, an age made terrible 
by enmity, strife, war, bloodshed, and by indescribable 
sorrow and suffering. 

But that will not be the end of the human race. 
Another and a better age will follow. In the purpose 
of the Creator there is something for mankind infinitely 
better than anything that has been experienced during 
the present age of mixed good and evil, with the evil 
apparently triumphant. As surely as there is a Supreme 
Being, so surely is there to be " a new heaven and a 
new earth." The day is coming when the reign of sin 
will be broken, and its very existence ended. Then the 
knowledge of the glory and righteousness of God will 
cover the earth " as the waters cover the sea." Hab. 
2: 14. Then the kingdom of God will be established 
among men, and he will cause " wars to cease unto the 
end of the earth." Ps, 46 : 9, 



116 The World War 

This is the hope that inspires and sustains every be- 
liever in the Word of the living God. As another^ has 
said : — 

" In the midst of wars and rumors of wars, of national changes 
and the uncertainty which attends all human planning, this kingdom 
is the refuge of faith. Wearied as we may be with the rising and 
falling, the waxing and waning, the uplifting and the destroying, 
which are the successive developments of man's wisdom and power, 
we may give glory to God that we stand near a throne that can 
shelter us always, and belong to a kingdom that cannot be moved. 
And as the noise of the conflict between the good and the evil is 
heard all around us, importing a terrible crisis " for the nations 
of earth, " shaking the foundations of fortune, rending the fondest 
associations of life, and casting a veil of uncertainty on all the 
prospect before us, it is an unspeakable privilege to see that our 
Lord's throne stands unshaken, and the light of His glory still 
beams on Mount Zion. For the judgments v/hich confound the 
nations with terror, reveal Christ to the church as He rides on 
the storm; and, amid the upheavings of kingdoms, rises to Him 
the ascription: 'Thine is the kingdom, the power, and the glory, 
forever.' " 

There is no dimness in the vision of the prophets 
concerning God's everlasting kingdom. 

" The word of God is pledged. The power of Satan shall be 
broken; death is to be destroyed; the earth shall be redeemed; the 
stains of sin shall be effaced from the abodes of men. . . . All proph- 
ecy is burdened with this pledge of a future triumph so complete 
that nothing can be desired to be added to it; and the last prayer of 
the Bible is for the speedy coming of the Lord, to assume His king- 
dom and complete His work." 2 

The plan of redemption provides for both a gospel 
of righteousness and a kingdom of righteousness. The 
gospel is preparing subjects for the kingdom. The gos- 
pel belongs to this age, the kingdom to the future age. 
When the gospel work is finished, this age will end, and 
there will follow a new age, in which the kingdom of 
righteousness will be established. This is the clearly- 
announced purpose of God for mankind. When His Son 

iRev. Robert R. Booth. Mdem. 



A Kingdom of Righteousness 117 

came to this world as the Saviour of men, it was de- 
clared that this was preparatory to His kingship. Of 
Him the heavenly messenger said : — 

"He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest: 
and the Lord God shall give unto Him the throne of His Father 
David: and He shall reign over the house of Jacob forever; and 
of His kingdom there shall be no end." Luke 1: 32, 33. 

Centuries before the first advent of Christ, the 
prophet Isaiah had been instructed to announce : — 

"Unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given: and the 
government shall be upon His shoulder: and His name shall be 
called Wonderful, Counselor, The mighty God, The everlasting 
Father, The Prince of Peace. Of the increase of His government 
and peace there shall be no end, upon the throne of David, and upon 
His kingdom, to order it, and to establish it with judgment and with 
justice from henceforth even forever." Isa. 9: -7, 8. 

He shall be called " The Prince of Peace," and " the 
government shall be upon His shoulder." In the ful- 
ness of time He will take control of affairs. The gov- 
ernment of this world will then pass from the hands of 
men to the Son of God. It is then that " the kingdoms 
of this world " will become " the kingdoms of our Lord, 
and of His Christ; and He shall reign forever and 
ever." Rev. 11:15. Then will be fulfilled the proph- 
ecy of Daniel, that to the Son of God there was given 
" dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, 
nations, and languages, should serve Him: His dominion 
is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, 
and His kingdom that which shall not be destroyed." 
Dan. 7 : 14. 

The subjects of this kingdom will be the redeemed, 
the saints of the Most High ; for " the kingdom and do- 
minion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the 
whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints 
of the Most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting 
kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey Him." 
Dan. 7 : 27. 



lis 



The World War 



These subjects are now being prepared by the gospel 
of salvation. Thus it is that throughout this age there 
has been a sharp conflict between the forces of good 
and of evil. As the culmination of the controversy ap- 
proaches, the conflict will grow more fierce, and the 
visible agencies ranged on opposite sides will become 
more active under their opposing leaders. This is the 
divine program as set forth in the Scriptures of truth. 

The Great World-Movements 

The prophecies of the Bible foretell two great world- 
movements which are to be signs, heralds, of the ap- 




" Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature " 



proaching end of human history and of the setting up 
of the glorious and everlasting kingdom of our Lord and 
Saviour. One of these signs is a movement resulting in 
the world-wide proclamation of the gospel of peace on 
earth and good will to men. The other sign is a move- 
ment that will result in universal war among the na- 
tions of the world. 



A Kingdom of Righteousness 119 

These two movements are direct opposites. One is 
for peace; the other is for conflict. One brings life; the 
other brings death. One is for restoration; the other is 
for destruction. 

These movements are both world wide in their oper- 
ations. The gospel is to be " preached in all the world 
for a witness unto all nations." Matt. 24 : 14. The war 
is to be carried on by " the kings of the earth and of 
the whole world." Rev. 16 : 14. 

Both movements are to be in operation at the same 
time. While the heralds of the cross will be proclaim- 
ing the gospel of peace on earth, good will to men, sal- 
vation from sin, and life everlasting, the war-maddened 
nations will be preaching war, beating their plowshares 
into swords, and preparing for the mightiest conflict of 
all the long, bloody history of the human race. 

Both of these world-movements are declared to be 
signs of the " day of God " and of the " end of the 
world." They are active, impressive, ever-present signs. 

These movements are led by two different forces: 
The unseen, heavenly agencies that work for righteous- 
ness, life, and everlasting happiness, are in charge of 
the great gospel movement ; the unseen forces that stand 
for sin, death, and eternal ruin, are marshaling the 
nations of earth for universal war and devastation. 

To Every Nation, Tongue, and People 

The universality of the movement that results in the 
proclamation of the gospel throughout the world, is one 
of the great outstanding facts of Biblical prophecy. 
From first to last, the gospel is set forth as a world- 
movement — " world wide in its adaptation, its intention, 
and its power." 

Of the far-reaching extent of Christ's life and death 
and ministry for men, Jehovah has declared through 
Isaiah : — 



120 The World War 

" It is a light thing that Thou shouldst be My servant to raise 
up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved of Israel: I will 
also give Thee for a light to the Gentiles [heathen], that Thou mayest 
be My salvation unto the end of the earth." Isa 49: 6. 

And Malachi, the last of the Old Testament proph- 
ets, declared that " from the rising of the sun even unto 
the going down of the same " the name of Christ would 
be " great among the Gentiles." Mai. 1 : 11. 

During His life on earth, Christ confined His jour- 
neys and labors to the little land of Palestine, but He 
boldly declared that the message He there proclaimed 
would eventually go to the ends of the earth. He 
said : — 

" This gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in all the world 
for a witness unto all nations; and then shall the end come." Matt. 
24: 14. 

What a daring prediction! At the time He made it, 
Jesus stood almost alone in the world. He was not rec- 
ognized by any of the world's great and influential lead- 
ers. The Roman government was against Him. His 
own nation had rejected Him. His followers were few, 
and of the most common sort. He had been born in the 
stable of an inn. During His public ministry. He was 
so poor that He had no regular home, and He made no 
provision for food. When not entertained by others, He 
slept in the open ; and oftentimes He gathered such fruits 
and grains from the land as the customs of the times 
permitted. He knew that at the close of His career as 
a man among men, He was to be crucified with crim- 
inals, and to be buried in a borrowed tomb. 

But notwithstanding these untoward conditions, and 
in the face of them all, He calmly, confidently, boldly 
declared to all men, through all time, that His message 
would be proclaimed to all the people of the world. 
The movement He had set on foot would. He gave assur- 
ance, spread over the face of the earth, taking perma- 
nent root and bearing glorious fruit in every nation. 



A Kingdom of Righteousness 121 

How wonderfully have the centuries worked out the 
forecast of this lone Man of Galilee! Today the possi- 
bilities for the fulfilment of His bold prediction are 
all that could be desired. Today His gospel is being 
"preached in all the world." This prophecy of the 
Master furnishes the explanation of the marvelous de- 
velopments of the past century. 

Explorers the Pathfinders for Missionaries 

Much that pertains to exploration, discovery, inven- 
tion, education, and the world's progress generally, has 
surely been stimulated and controlled by an overrul- 
ing Providence for the proclamation of Christ's gospel 
throughout the world. 

Exploration and discovery have given civilized na- 
tions clear, well-defined knowledge of all the habitable 
parts of the world. This is the first time in the history 
of man when the whole earth, with its many peoples, 
has become universally known. As late as the opening 
of the nineteenth century, nearly one third of the globe 
was absolutely unknown to civilized people. 

" At the beginning of Queen Victoria's reign, practically nothing 
was known of the interior of China and Japan, central Asia, Tibet, 
and Afghanistan. As late as 1880 the interior of Africa was al- 
most a blank." 

How different the conditions today ! During the past 
century, explorers, navigators, and discoverers have 
found every land, ascended every navigable river, and 
penetrated to the very heart of nearly every nation and 
tribe on the face of the earth. This has opened India, 
China, Japan, Africa, the island groups of the Pacific, 
South America, and all other lands, to Western civili- 
zation and Christian missionary endeavor. 

Marvelous Transportation Facilities 

While explorers have been bringing to the knowledge 
of the world the location, distribution, and conditions of 




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A Kingdom of Righteousness 123 

the races, inventors and capitalists have at the same 
time been hard at work providing transportation fa- 
cilities for safely yet quickly reaching any and every 
part of the world. 

When the nineteenth century opened, there was not 
an ocean steamer afloat, nor was there a mile of rail- 
road on the planet. Now there are steamship lines 
traversing the seas to every important port on the globe, 
while the railway lines reach the enormous total of 
nearly one million miles — enough to belt the globe forty 
times. These railway lines open continents, cross sandy 
deserts, bridge rivers, and scale and tunnel mountain 
ranges. By means of these transportation facilities, a 
journey can be made around the world in a little more 
than a month, and almost the remotest mission station 
in a heathen land can be reached within two months 
from an administrative center in a Christian land. 

The captains of industry who have provided these 
transportation facilities at the expense of untold mil- 
lions of dollars, have had uppermost in their plans the 
world's commerce; but the great Ruler of men and 
nations has had in view the m^angelization of the world 
in this generation, and has thus controlled their ambi- 
tions and directed their energies. 

The Transmission of Knowledge 

By means of the printing press, the telegraph and 
cable and telephone lines, the public school systems, the 
public libraries, and the scientific, historical, and geo- 
graphical societies, information can now be easily and 
speedily conveyed to the great masses throughout the 
world. Sixty thousand newspapers are being published 
and widely distributed in all lands. As Henry Ward 
Beecher once said : — 

" Knowledge may be said, almost literally, to be without money 
and without price, when for a penny a man, every day, may have 
newspapers that cover the contemporaneous history of the globe. 



124 The World War 

Books are cheaper than bread. None are so poor that they cannot 
have the reading of the record of events transpiring in every nation 
on the globe. And while we multiply the means of knowledge at 
home, the facility of transportation makes it easier to send them to 
the uttermost parts of the earth than in our fathers' days it was to 
supply the near districts of our own land," 

How wonderfully have been developed the material 
instruments by which the knowledge of truth may be 
multiplied and diffused! It is literally true, as Dr. 
Leonard has observed, that " steamships, railroads, and 
international postal systems, telegraph and cable lines, 
are all placed under tribute that the way of the king- 
dom of God may be established in all the earth." " 

The Rule of Protestant Nations 

One great change that has taken place in the inter- 
ests of foreign mission conquests, has been the trans- 
fer of a large proportion of the territory of the world 
from non-Christian nations to nations favoring Chris- 
tianity. In 1600, " only seven per cent of the territory 
of the world was controlled by Christian nations, but 
today eighty-two per cent, so that the growth of Chris- 
tian control has passed, in three hundred years, from 
seven to eighty-two per cent, while the control of non- 
Christian nations has decreased from ninety-three per 
cent to eighteen per cent." 

There are more millions of people under the rule of 
Protestant nations today than there are under the rule 
of all the heathen nations combined. There is great 
significance in this change of population from the con- 
trol of non-Christian to Protestant nations. It is alto- 
gether in favor of the efforts of the Christian church to 
make Christ known to all ,men. 

The Bible and World Evangelism 

The Bible is Christ's message in written form, and 
today it is in greater demand than at any previous time 

3 " The Way of the Lord Prepared," p. 86. 



A Kingdom of Righteousness 125 

in its centuries of existence. For a hundred years, the 
Bible societies have been printing and circulating great 
numbers of this book. The average yearly circulation 
of the Bible and portions thereof at the present time is 
more than fifteen millions of copies. It is now printed 
in more than five hundred languages and dialects. The 
American Bible Society, in its annual report for 1913, 
declared that the requests which came to the society 
during that year for more copies of the Bible were so 
pressing and insistent as to be in the nature of de- 
mands, and this after a hundred years of great activity, 
during which this one society distributed a hundred mil- 
lion copies and parts of copies! 

During the same century the British and Foreign 
Bible Society distributed two hundred and twenty-seven 
million copies. And still that book is the best seller in 
the world. Having survived hundreds of bitter attacks 
from its enemies, it is now the most potent book in the 
hands of the human race. It lives in the hearts of men, 
influencing them more and more as the years go by. 
This marvelous fact is a mighty challenge to every man. 
All hail the power of Jesus' word! 

Closed Doors Have Opened 

The growth, the power, and the achievements of the 
foreign missions movement during the past century are 
truly marvelous. One hundred years ago there were less 
than one hundred Protestant missionaries at work in 
non-Christian lands. These were confined to a very few 
places. In fact, most of the heathen world was closed 
against them. Now all but a very few lands are wide 
open to Christian missionaries. 

And these open doors in all parts of the world are 
being entered. Today there are twenty-five thousand 
foreign missionaries stationed in non-Christian and non- 
Protestant lands. These foreign workers are assisted by 




THE PROMISED KINGDOM 
' They shall not hurt nor destroy in all My holy mountain,'' 



126 



A Kingdom of Righteoitsness 127 

one hundred and twenty-five thousand native Christians 
who have accepted the gospel. Thus by preaching and 
teaching, by circulating the Scriptures and Christian lit- 
erature, and by living Christian lives, the missionaries 
are making known the gospel to multiplied millions who 
had never heard of it a few decades ago. All that is now 
done is in unlocking and throwing wide open other doors, 
and making louder the call to the church for more mis- 
sionaries. John R. Mott says : — 

" There never was a time when simultaneously in so many sec- 
tions of the world the opportunities for the extension of the Chris- 
tian religion were so numerous and so extensive as at the present 
time. This is true in the Far East and the Near East, in southern 
Asia, in the Pacific island world, in nearly all parts of Africa, and 
of Latin America. Moreover, so far as one can forecast the future, 
there is not likely to come a time when the opportunities will be 
greater than those with which the Christian church must deal today." 

The Approaching End of the Ages 

Thus, while the World War that involved so many 
of the great powers in 1914, presages the rapid ap- 
proach of universal war and universal ruin, — even the 
Armageddon of prophetic Scripture that is to result in 
the utter destruction of the kingdoms of this world, — 
God is bringing into operation special providences for 
the furtherance of the gospel movement which will re- 
sult in the establishment of the everlasting kingdom of 
our Lord and Saviour. The great outstanding world- 
movements now in progress can have no other meaning. 
They are divinely appointed signs of the approaching 
end. Soon will be heard a voice from heaven declaring, 
" The former things are passed away. . . . Behold, I 
make all things new." Rev. 21:4, 5. Thus, and only 
thus, will be realized the hopes of those who today are 
looking for a new and better world following the ces- 
sation of hostilities among the nations. The predictions 
of the Bible prophets are declared to be " true and 
faithful" (Rev. 21: 5) ; they will surely come to pass. 



128 The World War 

The Gospel Invitation 

In the marvelous missionary movement of the pres- 
ent generation may be read the compassionate purpose 
of God in behalf of the entire human race. Today is 
sounding in every land the message : — 

"Fear God, and give glory to Him; for the hour of His judgment 
is come: and worship Him that made heaven, and earth, and the 
sea, and the fountains of waters." Rev. 14: 7. 

In connection with this are given solemn warnings 
against becoming entangled with any world-movements 
the outcome of which will be utter destruction. (See 
verses 8-12.) This message of warning and entreaty is 
the everlasting gospel now sounding in all the earth. 
And with the proclamation of this message is given the 
warning of our Saviour Himself, " Behold, I come 
quickly. . . , Blessed are they that do His command- 
ments, that they may have right to the tree of life, 
and may enter in through the gates into the city," — 
even the New Jerusalem, where God is to tabernacle 
with men. 

Then the world's Redeemer and King will take this 
sin-cursed, storm-tossed, blood-drenched world into His 
own control for its full and complete reconstruction. 
This present world, with all its sin and misery, will 
pass away. Every trace of sin and its terrible effects 
will be removed. All things will be made new. And 
this earth, thus renewed and restored to its Eden beauty, 
will be given to those who have accepted Christ as their 
Saviour and King. 

What a world that will be! What an age in which 
to live! Of that life and that kingdom there will be 
no end. 

"The Spirit and the bride say. Come. And let him 
that heareth say, Come. And let him that is athirst 
come. And whosoever will, let him take the water of 
life freely." Rev. 22: 17. 



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